Final Exam Terms Biology

Vicariance

The splitting of populations by geographic barriers.

Biological species concept

A group of populations capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring.

Stomata opening stimuli

Blue light.

Mechanical isolation

A prezygotic isolation barrier/mechanism.

Fossil record pattern

Most distinctly new forms arise suddenly rather than incrementally/gradually.

Water transport tissue

Xylem.

Root tissue with Casparian strip

Endodermis.

Prominent generation in mosses and flowering plants

The gametophyte in mosses, the sporophyte in flowering plants.

Speciation event in cichlid fish

Sympatric speciation.

Areas in plants with stem cells

Meristems.

Analogous structures evolution

Convergent evolution.

Main cell type in phloem transport

Sieve tube element.

Framework View

A view of Genesis 1 that sees the 'days' as poetic devices that organize the account of God's creative activities, rather than as indicators of time.

Annual plant

It completes its life cycle in one growing season.

Role of nodules in legume plants

They contain rhizobia bacteria that fix nitrogen into a usable form for the plant.

Secondary (lateral) meristems

Cork cambium and vascular cambium.

Tissue-level transport associated with plasmodesmata

Symplastic transport.

Wood Wide Web

A network of underground fungal connections that facilitate communication and nutrient exchange between plants.

Mycorrhizal fungi

A network of mycorrhizal fungi that connects trees and facilitates nutrient exchange.

Internet system for plant biologists

The internet system used by plant biologists.

Global network for tree genetics

A global network for studying tree genetics.

Method of plant grafting

A method of plant grafting used to propagate fruit trees.

Male and female gametophytes location

In flowering plants, tiny male and female gametophytes would be expected to be found in flowers.

Haploid generation in plants

In the alternation of generations in plants, the haploid generation is called Gametophyte.

Modern Synthesis concept

The Modern Synthesis concept adds an understanding of the molecular mechanism for transmission of traits from one generation to the next.

Homologous structures

Referring to homologous structures in two species indicates common ancestry.

Carbon-14 ratio

The Carbon-14 to Carbon-12 (C14/C12) ratio in the remains of a dead organism diminishes over time.

Regions along a stem's length

The regions along a stem's length between axillary buds are called internodes.

Procambium function

The procambium gives rise to the primary vascular tissues (xylem and phloem).

Essential nutrient

A nutrient that is required in the diet because it cannot be synthesized in the cells of the organism is called an essential nutrient.

Vitamins function

Vitamins typically function as coenzymes that provide necessary chemical groups for enzymes.

Order of floral parts

The correct order of floral parts, from the outermost 'whorl' to the innermost, is Sepals, petals, stamens, pistils.

Connective tissue

Glands are NOT considered a connective tissue.

Ion triggering threshold potential

The movement of sodium ions is typically responsible for triggering the threshold membrane potential in a neuron.

Nutrient absorption organ

In the digestive system, the organ primarily responsible for the absorption of a wide array of nutrients is the small intestine.

Location of smooth muscle

Smooth muscle is typically found surrounding various tubes or cavities.

Type of synapse with ligand gated sodium channels

Ligand gated sodium channels are present on the post-synaptic cell membrane of a synapse, indicating a chemical synapse.

Fusion of synaptic vesicles

Calcium entering the terminus, due to opening of voltage gated calcium channels, contributes most directly to the fusion of synaptic vesicles with the pre-synaptic axon terminus membrane.

Action potential conduction speed

Action potential conduction speed would be expected to decrease with certain modifications.

loss of myelination

decreased axon fiber diameter (thickness)

loss of myelination

Reduced axon length

digestive functions of the oral cavity

initial digestion of carbohydrates

digestive functions of the oral cavity

digestion of bacterial cell walls

digestive functions of the oral cavity

mechanical digestion

role of microglia

Removal of bacteria and debris from nervous tissue

repolarization phase of action potential

voltage gated potassium channels are open

repolarization phase of action potential

potassium is diffusing out of the axon

repolarization phase of action potential

the inactivation gate of the sodium channel is closed

G-protein coupled receptor

Metabotropic receptor

cells producing pepsinogen

chief cells of the gastric glands/gastric pits

function of the large intestine

Digestion and absorption of protein components

inactive precursor of digestive enzyme

zymogen

function of the liver

to produce bile and alkaline fluid

multi-layered epithelia

Stratified

amoebocytes function

distribute absorbed food material in Sponges (Poriferans)

fluid surrounding cells in tissues

Interstitial fluid

origin of action potential in neuron

axon hillock

floral structure housing megasporangia

Ovule

function of tube cell in pollen grains

It forms the pollen tube for sperm delivery

blood filtration in nephron

Glomerulus and Bowman's capsule

protonephridia in flatworms

excreting excess water

components of blood

Plasma is mostly water and serves as a medium for transporting nutrients, hormones, and wastes.

components of blood

Leukocytes are involved in defending the body against infections and foreign substances.

Platelets

Blood components important for initiating blood clotting.

Corpus luteum

Primarily secretes Progesterone in females.

Tracheae

Respiratory structure found in insects.

Collecting duct

Component in the kidney excretory tubules that responds to Antidiuretic hormone (ADH).

Z-disc

Defines the boundary between adjacent sarcomeres.

Loop of Henle

Nephron structure that participates most directly in the formation of the solute concentration gradient of the kidney.

Boyle's Law

Explains the relationship between pressure and volume of gases.

Negative pressure ventilation

Occurs when the diaphragm contracts and moves downward.

Menstrual phase

Uterine cycle phase associated with shedding of the endometrium.

Myogenic

Describes a heart that contracts in response to its own internal signals, without neural input.

Hydrostatic pressure

Primarily drives bulk flow of fluids from capillaries into tissues.

Epididymis

Site of sperm maturation and storage.

Ammonia

Type of nitrogenous waste that is most toxic but requires little energy to produce.

Cardiac muscle

Muscle type that is both striated and involuntary.

Asexual reproduction

Budding is an example of this type of reproduction.

LH

Hormone that stimulates testosterone production in males.

Countercurrent flow

In fish gills, ensures that blood continuously meets water with higher oxygen levels.

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Structure that initiates the electrical impulses in the human heart.

Intercalated discs

Presence of this structure is primarily responsible for the electrical conductivity of cardiac muscle cells.

Open circulatory system

System that features hemolymph directly bathing tissues.

Parthenogenesis

Advantageous in some animal species as it can allow rapid population growth without the need for mates.

Ventricular systole

During this phase, blood is ejected into the arteries.

Troponin

In skeletal muscle, calcium ions bind to this molecule to initiate contraction.