SDSU Chem 232 Functional Groups

Alkene

"Carbon-Carbon Double Bond"

Alkyne

"Carbon-Carbon Triple Bond"

Alcohol

(OH attached to an sp^3 carbon)

Alkyl Halide

(halide attached to an sp^3 carbon)

Ether

(O attached to sp^2 or sp^3 carbons; note, however, that if the two carbons are "carbonyls", the functional group becomes an anhydride - see #13)

Amine

(N with single bonds to H or C)

Nitrile

"C triple bonded to N"

Aldehyde

(-CHO)

Ketone

(C double bonded to O with C on each side)

Carboxylic Acid

"Acid" or (-CO2H)

Acid Halide

(Cl = "X"), "Acid Halide", (-COX)

Ester

or (-CO2C-)

Amide

or (-CONRR') (note: R&R' can be like, unlike alkyl, or H)

Carboxylic Acid Anhydride

Aromatic Ring

"Benzene Ring" (H assumed at each junction unless substituted)

Nitro

(-NO2)

Aryl Halide

(X can be any halide. Carbons of aromatic rings are sp^2. Other positions on ring may be substituted)

Vinyl Halide

(X, a halide, is on an sp^2 carbon of an alkene)

Phenol

(The OH oxygen is bound to a benzene ring carbon (sp^2). Other substitutions are possible)