Immunology Chapter 1 - Elements of the Immune System and Their Roles in Defense

Immunology is a branch of biology and medicine that covers the study of immune systems in ___________.

all organisms

Father of Immunology is ________. Found in 1796 that inoculation with _________ could protect against smallpox. Called the procedure ______________. Took two centuries for samllpox vaccine to become universal.

Edward Jenner; cowpox (vaccinia); vaccination

_________ devised a vaccine again cholera in chickens and developed a rabies vaccine. Was about to demonstrate the process called _________. Contributed to the ___________ of disease.

Louis Pasteur; pasteurization; germ theory

___________ discovered that bacteria (bacillus) is responsible for causing tuberculosis. Proved that infectious diseases are caused by microorganism, each one responsible for a particular disease called _____________. 

Robert Koch; Koch’s postulates

We now recognized four broad categories of disease-causing microorganism or ________: viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites.

pathogens

_______________ discovered that many microorganisms could be engulfed by phagocytotic cells, whish he called _______________, which are  a  front-line defense of the innate immune system.

Elie Metchnikoff; macrophages

Any microorganism that casues disease

Pathogen

Normally, inhabit the human body and do not cause a disease in healthy people, but become pathogenic when the body’s defense system is impaired. Some that people with HIV may get include candidiasis, salmonella infection, toxoplasmosis, and tuberculosis (TB).

Opportunistic pathogen

Skin and mucosal surfaces that form barriers against infection

Hair

Sinuses

Trachea

Lungs

Respiratory Tract

Mammary Glands

Ryes

Oral Cavity

Kidneys

Bladder

Vagina

Esophagus

Stomach

Intestines

Gastrointestinal Tract

Urogenital Tract

Skin

Nails

Recognition Mechanism of Innate Immunity

Rapid Response (hours)

Fixed

Limited Number of Specificities

Constant During Responses

Recognition Mechanism of Adaptive Immunity

Slow Response (days to weeks)

Variable

Numerous Highly Selective Specificities

Improve During Responses

Phase 1 of the Innate Immune Response

Phase 2 of Innate Immune Response

Human health requires both _______ and _______ immunity.

innate; adaptive

Historically, ___________ (adaptative immunity) and __________ (innate immunity) were separate medical disciplines that began to merge in study in the 1980s.

immunology; inflammation

____________ is the formation of ______ cellular components.

Hematopoiesis; blood

All cellular blood components are derived from ____________

hematopoietic stem cells

Three main types of lymphocytes _______, _______ and _________ cells.

B cells; T cells; natural killer (NK)

Leukocytes are the white blood cells while the ___________ are a type of leukocyte. Thus, all lymphocytes are leukocytes but all leukocytes are not lymphocytes.

lymphocytes

Antibody-mediated mechanisms that combat infection.

Primary Lymphoid Tissue

Red

Secondary Lymphoid Tissue

Yellow

Activated pathogen-specific B cells proliferate in each follicle, forming a dense structure, the ______________.

germinal center