APWORLD UNIT 3

Governance

The methods rulers used to legitimize and consolidate their power in land-based empires from 1450 to 1750.

Belief Systems

They can hold empires together or they can break empires up.

Christianity

The dominant religion in Europe since the 4th century, serving as a shared cultural glue among most Europeans.

Eastern Orthodox Church

One of the two branches of Christianity that remained dominant in the east after the split in the 11th century.

Roman Catholic Church

The branch of Christianity that remained dominant in the west after the split in the 11th century.

Church Disputes

Conflicts among church leaders that led to significant splits within Christianity.

Power of the Catholic Church

By 1500, the Catholic Church wielded enormous power in Europe.

Monarchs

More powerful rulers who began challenging the Catholic Church's authority around 1500.

St. Peter's Basilica

A magnificent structure built in Rome to display the wealth and power of the Catholic Church.

Sale of Indulgences

A practice where people could purchase slips of paper that promised forgiveness of sins or reduced time in purgatory.

Simony

The practice of selling high church positions.

Martin Luther

A Catholic monk who challenged the practices of the Catholic Church and became a significant figure in the Reformation.

Purgatory

A state of temporary punishment for souls who have died but are not yet ready to enter heaven.

Confidence in the Church

The trust and belief people had in the church, which was waning due to corrupt practices.

Corrupt Practices

Various unethical behaviors within the church that undermined its authority and credibility.

Cultural Glue

A term describing how Christianity served to unify diverse groups in Europe.

Branches of Christianity

The divisions within Christianity that arose from the split in the 11th century.

Basilicas

Large and important church buildings that required significant funding for their construction and maintenance.

Building Projects

Construction initiatives undertaken by the church to showcase its wealth and influence.

Golden Age

A period marked by significant achievements and cultural blending in land-based empires.

Religious Blending

The process through which different belief systems merged during the golden age of empires.

Militaries and Bureaucracies

Institutions that played significant roles in the expansion and maintenance of land-based empires from 1450 to 1750.

Bible

A sacred scripture in Christianity.

95 Theses

A series of complaints written by Luther denouncing corrupt practices in the church.

heretic

A person branded by the church for holding beliefs contrary to its doctrines.

Protestant Reformation

A movement initiated by Luther that led to a split in the church.

printing press

An invention that allowed Luther's writings to spread quickly throughout Europe.

Catholic Reformation

The Catholic Church's response to Protestant critiques, aiming to reform its practices.

Counter Reformation

Another term for the Catholic Reformation, focusing on internal church reforms.

Council of Trent

A series of meetings where the Catholic Church addressed corrupt practices.

faith

Belief in salvation through trust in God, reaffirmed by the Council of Trent.

authority

The power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience in religious contexts.

wars

Conflicts that intensified in Europe due to religious and political divisions until 1648.

Islam

A major world religion that originated in the Middle East.

Ottoman Empire

A significant Islamic empire that existed in the Middle East.

Safavid Empire

Another major Islamic empire located in the Middle East.

change

The process of reforming corrupt practices within the church.

complete

The thoroughness of the split between Catholics and Protestants.

remained

The state of various rulers continuing to uphold Catholicism or impose Protestantism.

intensified

The increase in religious conflicts due to divisions in belief systems.

state

The condition of authority and governance affected by religious divisions.

practices

The actions and rituals observed within the church that were criticized by reformers.

offices

Roles or positions within the church that were part of the complaints raised by Luther.

writings

The body of work produced by Luther that contributed to the Protestant Reformation.

eventually

The gradual recognition by the Catholic Church of the need for reform.

Shi'a Muslims

Believed that the only legitimate successor had to be a relative of Muhammad.

Sunni Muslims

Believed it could be anyone who was spiritually qualified for the role.

division

The religious issue was on full display in the Safavid and Ottoman empires.

Safavids

Were Shi'a Muslims.

Ottomans

Were Sunni Muslims.

territory

Both empires wanted to beat back the other and claim territory for their own.

upper hand

The Ottomans got the upper hand in the conflict.

political rivalry

It was because of their political rivalry that the split between the Shi'a and Sunni branches of the faith intensified.

Muslims

Held power over South Asia since the beginning of this course.

majority

The huge majority of Hindus made up the population.

bridged

Belief systems emerged that bridged the gap between Islam and Hinduism.

Bhakti Movement

Originated in the 7th century and emphasized mystical experience and union with one of Hinduism's many gods.

Sufism

A mystical movement in Islam that shared many beliefs and practices with the Bhakti Movement.

Sikhism

A new belief system that blended elements of Islam and Hinduism.

continuity

Sikhism demonstrated continuity by holding on to significant doctrines of both belief systems.

reincarnation

Sikhism held a belief in the cycle of death and reincarnation.

change

As Sikhism developed, many distinctions like the caste system and gender hierarchies were discarded.

What is the main theme of the study of land-based empires from 1450 to 1750?

Governance

What was the primary factor that contributed to the expansion of land-based empires during this period?

The militaristic use of gunpowder weapons.

What term is commonly used to refer to empires that expanded significantly through the use of gunpowder?

Gunpowder empires.

What was the significance of the Dardanelles for the Ottoman Empire?

It was a strategic choke point used to launch campaigns of expansion.

What major event occurred in 1453 that marked a significant achievement for the Ottoman Empire?

The sack of Constantinople.

Who was the Ottoman sultan responsible for the siege of Constantinople?

Mehmed II.

What was the new name given to Constantinople after it was captured by the Ottomans?

Istanbul.

What was one of the key characteristics of the Ottoman Empire's growth during the period?

It expanded prodigiously by controlling strategic locations and using gunpowder weapons.

When was the Safavid Empire established?

At the beginning of the 1500s.

What significant declaration did Shah Ismail make regarding the Safavid Empire?

He declared it a Shia Muslim state.

What was the status of the Ottoman Empire by the end of the period in 1750?

It had expanded significantly across Southwestern Europe and Anatolia.

What commonality did land-based empires share during the period of 1450-1750?

They derived power from the extent of their territorial holdings.

What major empire fell prior to the rise of the land-based empires discussed?

The Mongol Empire.

What type of empires were emerging during the same time period as the land-based empires?

Sea-based empires.

What was the role of gunpowder in the expansion of land-based empires?

It was used militaristically to enhance their military capabilities.

How did the Ottomans utilize their control over the Dardanelles?

They used it to launch military campaigns for expansion.

What was one of the Ottoman Empire's significant military technologies during their expansion?

Giant cannons.

What was the impact of the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople on the Byzantine Empire?

It marked the end of the Byzantine Empire.

What characterized the beginnings of the Safavid Empire?

It emerged from the ashes of former Muslim empires.

What was the primary religion of the Safavid Empire after Ismail's declaration?

Shia Islam.

What was the geographic region of the Safavid Empire?

The Middle East.

What was the significance of the Ottoman Empire in the context of Islamic empires during this period?

It was the most significant Islamic empire.

What are the two major sects of Islam?

Shi'a and Sunni.

What is the main issue that divides Shi'a and Sunni Muslims?

Their conflicting beliefs about who the legitimate successor of Muhammad is.

According to Shi'a beliefs, who can be a legitimate successor of Muhammad?

Only a blood relative of Muhammad.

What do Sunnis believe about the legitimacy of successors to Muhammad?

Successors can be elected by the people.

Why was the decision about the legitimacy of successors significant?

It made the Safavids appalled of neighboring Sunni Muslim empires.

Who was the ruler that expanded the Safavid military and adopted gunpowder weapons?

Shah Abbas.

What empire replaced the Delhi Sultanate in South and Central Asia?

The Mughal Empire.

Who was the leader of the Mughal Empire in the 16th century?

Babur.

What military technology did Babur utilize to expand the Mughal Empire?

Gunpowder cannons.

Who was Babur's grandson that further expanded the Mughal Empire?

Akbar.

What was Akbar known for in terms of religious beliefs?

He was tolerant of all kinds of religious beliefs.

What role did Akbar play in the Mughal Empire?

He was a masterful administrator.

What dynasty was established in China after the decline of Mongol rule?

The Ming Dynasty.

What ethnic background did the Ming Dynasty have?

It was ethnically Han.

How did the Ming Dynasty expand their territory?

Through the use of gunpowder.

What led to the fracturing of the Ming Dynasty by the 1500s?

Internal divisions and external wars.