Exam I

atoms

smallest unit of matter

structured atoms, elements, are

essential for maintaining life, make up 50% of body mass (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen)

molecules are

combinations of two or more atoms

fats

insulation, protection, energy storage

proteins

building blocks

tissues are

groups of cells that share a common function

4 categories of tissues

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

epithelial tissue

lines, protects, and forms glands

connective tissue

supports (bones, blood, fat)

muscle tissue

contract/mpve (skeletal, cardiac, smooth)

nervous tissue

communication (Brian, spinal cord)

medical physiology is

the study of functions of the system of the human body in health and disease

medical physiology is an understanding of normal function that

enables effective management of abnormal disease states

the goal is

homeostasis

homeostasis

process by which the body maintains internal equilibrium

Pumps =

heart

tubes =

vessels

heart is located in

mediastinal space

base of heart is in

2nd intercostal space (beneath second rib)

apex of heart location

5th intercostal space (resting on diaphragm)

heart is striated

allowing for contraction

the heart is what type of muscle

involuntary, hallow organ

how many layers does the heart have

3 → protected by pericardium

what does the pericardium to

protect the heart → takes pressure off

epicardium →

myocardium

myocardium →

endocardium

arteries and veins leading

the heart has four chambers: two atria and two ventricles.

right atrium →

tricuspid

tricuspid →

right ventricle

right ventricle →

pulmonic

left atrium →

mitral

mitral →

left ventricle

left ventricle →

aortic valve

acute pericarditis

inflammation of the pericardium, often causing sharp chest pain.

pericardial effusion

an accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity surrounding the heart, which can affect heart function.

cardiac tamponade

compress heart due to fluid build up

cardiac tamponade fluid build up obstructs

blood flow into ventricles/decreasing diastolic filling

cardiac tamponade leads to

decreased amount of blood being ejected (decreased systolic ejection)

outer parietal layer is

fused to the fibrous pericardium

inner visceral layer

epicardium (adheres to heart)

pericardial cavity is

space between the two layers

pericardial fluid is

lubricating fluid in the pericardial cavity

cardiomyopathies

group of (subacute or chronic) diseases with myocardial structural and physiological abnormalities

dilated cardio myopathy

ventricles enlarge and weaken (decreases pumping, chambers fill)

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

muscles enlarge and thicker (small chamber, no fill, pump weakly)

restrictive cardiomyopathy

ventricles stiffen (can’t relax, weakly fills and weakly pumps)

stress cardiomyopathy

sudden temporary weakening of the heart muscle

endocardium

innermost, thin 2 layered membrane

disease of myocardium

dilated, cardiomyopthy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, restrictive cardiomyopathy, MI, stress cardiomyopathy

endocardium disease ex

infective endocarditis

infective endocarditis

infection lining the heat (IV drug abuse, valvular disease) 

epicardium

inner visceral layer of inner serous pericardium

systole

contraction of involuntary striated cardiac muscle (0.3 seconds) 

in systole aortic and pulmonary

open

in systole mitral and tricuspid

close

in systole blood is

pumped out of lower ventricles to arteries

top BP # is

max pressure on arterial walls

diastole

relaxation of involuntary strained cardiac muscle (0.5 sec)

in diastole mitral and tricuspid

open

in diastole aortic and pulmonic

close

diastole expands

both chambers so blood can refill

right and left atria seperated by

interatrial septum

right and left atria disease

arterial septal defect

ASD common in

children with Down syndrome

right and left ventricle seperated by

interventricular septum

right and left ventricle disease

VSD

what are the AV valves

tricuspid and mitral

AV valves open during

diastole

AV valve disease

mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation, mitral valve prolapse

mitral stenosis

narrow, limit blood flow

mitral regurgitation

MV fails to close, tight, blood leaks

mitral valve prolapse

flaps of MV are too flexible/floppy, bulge backwards

semilunar valves are

pulmonic and aortic

semilunar valves open during

systole

semilunar valves diseases

aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, pulmonary stenosis, pulmonic regurgitation

mitral valve (AV) flow

LA → LV

tricuspid (AV) valve flow

RA → RV

aortic (semilunar) valve flow

LV → A

pulmonic (semilunar) valve flow

RV → PA

arteries go

away from heart

aorta

carries oxygenated blood from heart (LV) to body

coronary artery

carries oxygenated blood from aorta to heart tissue

acute coronary syndrome

severe reduction of blood flow to heart, sudden

pulmonary artery

carries deoxygenated blood from heart (RV) to lungs

aorta

carries oxygenated blood heart (LV) to body through the systemic circulation.

arteries disease

aneurysm, coarctation of the aorta

aneurysm is

dilation or out pouching of an arterial wall (due to weakness of wall)

aneurysm caused by

atherosclerosis, HTN, smoking, diet, Marfan syndrome, infections

marfan syndome

genetic disorder, weak fibers, tall thin long limbs

aneurysm can lead to

dissection aneurysm (inner layer tears)

coarctation of the aorta

main artery is narrowed (congenital, heart forced to work harder)

vena cava

Carries deoxygenated blood from body to heart (RA) 

coronary sinus

carries deoxygenated blood from heart tissue to heart

pulmonary vein

carries oxygenated blood from lungs to heart (LA)

systemic circulation: lungs →

PV

systemic circulation: PV →

LA

systemic circulation: LA →

LV

systemic circulation: LV →

A

systemic circulation: A →

body

pulmonary circulation: body →

SVC&IVC (&Coronary Sinus)