Studied by 0 people
Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
What are sensations?
process by which sensory organs obtain information about the environment and transmit it to brain
What is perception?
the organization of sensation into interpretations
What is transduction?
Translation of physical energy into electrical signals
What is bottom-up processing?
stimulus affects our perception, data driven
What is top-down processing?
information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations
What are absolute thresholds?
Minimal amount of stimulation that can be detected half of the time
What are the different thresholds (the jnd)?
Smallest different in intensity between 2 stimuli that a person can detect
You can notice the difference in the brightness of two lights or the weight of two objects
What is Weber's law what did he believe in?
the smallest noticeable difference between two stimuli is proportional to the magnitude of the original stimulus
What is sensory adaptation?
Our sensory receptors become less sensitive to constant or unchanging stimuli over time
Example: You enter a room a strong smell, you may notice it at first, but after a few minutes, you no longer perceive the odor as strongly
What are hits?
occurs when a stimulus is present and the person correctly detects it
examples: You are listening for a faint sound in a quiet room. The sound is there, and you correctly hear it. This is a "hit."
What are misses?
occurs when a stimulus is present but the person fails to detect it
Examples: The sound is actually present, but you fail to hear it or notice it. This is a "miss."
What are false alarms?
occurs when a stimulus is not present but the person incorrectly perceives it to be there
Example: You think you hear the faint sound, but in reality, it wasn't there. This is a "false alarm.
What is the correct rejection?
occurs when a stimulus is not present and the person correctly identifies that it is absent
example: You correctly identify that there was no sound when, in fact, no sound was present. This is a "correct” rejection.
What factors affect response bias?
Expectations
Motivation
What is the Gestalt approach?
We perceive objects as whole rather than a sum of individual parts
What is signal detection theory?
perception results from both sensory information and making a judgement
What is response bias?
the tendency for people to answer questions on surveys or tests in a way that does not accurately reflect their true thoughts, feelings, or behaviors, often due to factors like wanting to appear socially desirable, rushing through the survey, or misunderstanding the questions, leading to inaccurate data in research studies
Persons readiness to report detecting a stimulus
What is figure-ground perception?
we inherently distinguish between objects and background
What are grouping principles?
proximity, similarity, continuity, closure
What are grouping principles: proximity?
We tend to group together objects that are close to one another
What are grouping principles: similarity?
We tend to group together objects that are similar to one another
What are grouping principles: continuity?
Brain organizes stimuli into continuous lines or patterns
What are grouping principles: closure?
We tend to perceive incomplete figures as complete
binocular cues for depth
If something moves toward you your binocular disparity increases
If something moves away your binocular disparity decreases
Monocular cues for depth
When something is more hazy we assume it is far away
When something is clear we assume it is closer to us
What is retinal (binocular) disparity?
Images are produced differently on each retina
What is convergence?
Turning inward of eyes towards nearby objects
Doctors' eye test with a finger on your nose and out
Monocular: Relative Size
Objects that are smaller on the retina are perceived as further away
Larger objects are perceived as closer
Monocular: Relative clarity
When something is more hazy, we assume it is far away
When something is clear, we assume it is closer to us
Monocular: Linear perspective
Parallel lines seem to cover as they get farther from the viewer; they appear to meet in the distance
What is perceptual constancy?
The ability to perceive objects as unchanged or the same even when they appear different
Color constancy
The ability to perceive the color of an object as consistent even when lighting conditions change
Example: a red apple appears red whether it's in bright sunlight or under the dim light of a street lamp
Lightness constancy
The tendency to perceive the lightness of an object ( how dark or light it is) as constant even if the amount of light hitting it change
For example: For example, a white shirt looks white whether you view it in bright sunlight or dim lighting.
Shape constancy
The perception that an object's shape remains the same, even when viewed from different angles.
Example: For instance, a door looks rectangular even if it's open and viewed from an angle.
Size constancy
The perception that an object's size remains constant, despite changes in the distance from which it is viewed.
Example: For example, a car looks the same size whether it's far away or up close.
