LIT 3RD QUARTER

Precolonial

• longest period of ph literature

• use of narrative syllabary (baybayin

• mostly oral in tradition

• bore the mark of the community

characteristics of oral lit

• spontaneous and instinctive

• uses the language of daily life

• crude in ideology and phraseology

conventions of oral lit

• formulaic repetitions

• stereotyping of characters

• regular rhythmic and musical devices

riddles (bugtong)

• contains one or two descriptive elements, typically in opposition to each other, the referent of the elements is to be guessed

• requires the audience to see the similarity between the object literally described

proverbs (salawikain)

• served as laws or rules on good behaviour and as practical guides in living life by our ancestors

• didactism for the contents and its conciseness for the form

short poems

• quatrains (4 lines) with monorhyming heptasyllabic (7 syllable) lines

ambahan

short poems of Hanunoo-Mangyans of Mindoro

tanaga

In Sanlucar and Noceda’s Vocabulario de la lengua tagala (1854), these short poems were given this name

chants (bulong)

commonly used in witchcraft and enchantment

folksongs (awiting bayan)

• form of folk lyric which exresses the hopes and aspirations, the people’s lifestyles, as well as their loves.

• one of the oldest forms of Philippine literature that emerged in the pre-colonial period

• mirrored the early forms of culture

kundiman

songs of love

kumintang/tagumpay

songs of war

ang dalit o imno

songs for Visayan gods

oyayi o hele

lullaby

diona

songs for wedding

soliranin

songs for laborers

talindaw

songs for fishing

panambitan o tagulaylay

song for the dead

types of prose narratives

• myths

• legends

• folktales

• fables

myths (mito)

deals with the creation of the universe, origin of man, the gods, and supernatural beings, and native culture heroes

legends (alamat)

regarded true by narrator and audience but are set in a period more remote, when the world was much as it is today

folktales (kuwentong bayan)

• stories about life, adventure, love, horror, and humor where one can derive lessons about life

• help us appreciate our environment, evaluate our personalities, and improve our perspectives in life

fables (pabula)

stories that use animals as characters and are meant to impart lessons

rituals and dance (drama)

its simplest form are mostly mimetic dances imitating natural cycles and work activities

cha’long

ifugaw

pag-huaga

bagobo

pagdiwata

tagbanwa

epics

long heroic narratives which recount the adventures of tribal heroes

epics (1)

• narratives of sustained length

• based on oral tradition

• revolves around supernatural events and heroic deeds

• in the form of verse

• either chanted or sung

• has a certain seriousness of purpose, embodying or validating the beliefs, customs, ideals, or life-values of the people

spanish colonial period

• priests had direct contact to the filipinos

• press was brought by missionaries

• priests ensured that literatures centered on catholic religion

may bagyo’t ma’t may rilim

• written by an unnamed native

• imagery of a turbulent storm to affirm Christian heroism

• perfectly captures the merging of the pre-colonial culture and the culture of the Spanish colonizers

ang mahal na passion ni jesu christong panginoon natin

• gasper aquino de belen

• depicts the last moments of christ eventually leading to his crucifixion and resurrection

• replaced the epics of the pagan past and, just like pre-colonial epics, was sung with a fixed melody during Lenten season

sinakulo

stage play that depicts the passion of Christ and was performed during Lenten season

Secular literature

• komedya

• awit

• korido

komedya

native poetic theater

later known as moro-moro or poetic theater about Christian and Moorish warriors

awit

• narrative poem that consists of 4 12-syllable monorhyming lines

• Florante at laura

korido

• narrative poem but with 4 8-syllable monorhyming lines

most notable korido poet

jose de la cruz, also known as huseng sisiw

prose

• urbana at feliza (abt exchange of letters)

• ninay (first novel in filipino)

literature and the propaganda movement and revolution

• noli me tangere and el filibusterismo

• and pasyong dapat ipag-alab ng taong baba sa kalupitan ng fraile (del pilar; used parody to attack friars)

• liwang at dilim (short poerms of emilio jacinto)

• katapusang hibik ng pilipinas (andres bonifacio)

american colonial period

• institutionalization of the public education system in 1901

• english as the medium of instruction

• writers continued to write in spanissh, tagalog, and other languages

three time frames of american period

• re-orientation

• imitation

• self-discovery

period of re-orientation

writers trying to learn the new language

period of imitation

writers emulating the style and mode of writing of writers coming from the anglo-american tradition

a child of sorrow by zoilo galang

first filipino novel in english

period of self-discovery

writers were already able to use the english language as it it was their own

balagtasista

tagalog poets who continued propaganda movement

lope k santos

auther of ang pangginggera which is abt a young woman drawn to panggingge to overcome her grief caused by her sons death

jose garcia villa

• art for art’s sake

• many voices (1939)

severino reyes

• walang sugat (1902)

• mga kwento ni lola basyang

japanese occupation (1941-1945)

• de-emphasized the use of english and pushed for tagalog as the national language

• writing in english came to a halt

• vernacular flourished

• english newspapers closed (tribune and ph review)

25 pinakamabuting kuwento ng taong 1943

• a notable tagalog short story during the japanese occupation

• macario pineda

post-war period (the third ph republic)

• New criticism introduced existentialism to writers

• anti-american sentiments

• nationalist movements

• militancy

problems faced by writers in the new republic era

• tradition vs modernism (balagtasismo vs modernismo)

• art for art’s sake vs art for the society

• language problem (english vs tagalog)

post edsa 1 period (1986-1995)

• creative writing centers belonging to universities and other academic institutions

• writer’s organization

• creation of gov cultural agencies

• return of campus publicatios

characteristics of post edsa period

• new criticism continued but was then losing ground ans younger critics welcomed post-structuralism and post-modernism

• publishing became more adventurous

• decline of new criticism paved way to the critical evaluation of literary workds

• retrieval and revival of writing in ph languages

• emergence of creative nonfiction

Fiction

• lie to tell the truth

• largely imaginary, a mere product of an author’s imagination, with characters who never really existed, events that never took place and situations and places invented by the author but not totally divorced from the truth

elements of fiction

• characters and characterization

• plot

• point of view

• setting

• theme

• style

• literary/narrative devices

character

refers to the imagined person who inhabits a story

protagonist

story’s central character who faces a major conflict that must be solved before the story’s end

antagonist

opposes the protagonist and serves as an obstacle that the protagonist must overcome to resolve the conflict

anti-hero

• a protagonist of a story who embodies none of the qualities typically assigned to traditional heroes and heroines.

• protagonist whose failings are typically used to humanize them and convey a message about the reality of human existence

plot

the sequence of events that occur throughout a work to produce a coherent narrative of story

dues ex machina

• god from the machine

• any character, event, or device suddenly introduced to resolve the conflict

in media res

• in the middle of things

• when an author begins a text in the midst of action

frame narrative

• a story that an author encloses around the central narrative in order to provide bg info and context

• story within a story

point of view

perspective a text takes when presenting its plot and narrative

first person pov

• story told from the perspective of one or several characters

• readers see or experience events in the story through the narrator’s eyes

second person pov

• narrative perspective that typically addresses that audience using :you”

third person pov

• narrative told from the perspective of an outside figure who does not participate directly in the events of a story

objective third person

• the narrator knows or reveals nothing about the character’s internal thoughts, feelings, and motivations, but sticks to the external facts of the story

limited third person

the narrator describes the internal thoughts, feelings, and motivations of one character, usually the main character

omniscient third person

the narrator knows and at least partially reveals the internal thoughts, feelings, and motivations of all the characters

setting

the physical location and social environment of the story. Time, place, and atmosphere create the mood for a fictional story and situates it in a context

theme

• a salient abstract idea that emerges from a literary work’s treatment of its subject-matter

• a topic recurring in a number of literary works

• universal truth about life expressed in a story

stream of consiousness

• when the author traces their thoughts verbatim in the text

• offers a representation of the author’s exact thoughts throughout the writing process and can be used to convey a variety of different emotions or as a form of pre-writing

literary/narrative devices

• devices and strategies used by the writer to make the story more vivid

types of literary/narrative devices

• allusion

• dialogue

• flashback

• foreshadowing

• irony

• motif and symbol

allegory

• attempts to convert abstract concepts, values, beliefs, or historical events into characters or other tangible elements in a narrative

parody

• narrative work or writing style that mocks or mimics another genre or work

• exaggerate and emphasize elements from the original work in order to ridicule, comment on, or criticize their message

drama

• literary genre that is meant to be performed on stage

• from the greek word “dran” which means to do or to act a play

brander matthews’ definition of drama

The art of the dramatist is like the art of the architect. A plot has to be built up just as a house is built- story after story; no edifice has any chance of standing unless it has a broad foundation and a solid frame.

lawrence oliver’s definition of drama

The office of drama is to exercise, possibly to exhaust human emotions. The purpose of comedy is to tickle those emotions into an expression of light relief; of tragedy, to wound them and bring the relief of tears. Disgust and terror are the other points of the compass.

alfred hitchcock’s definition of drama

Drama is life with the dull bits cut out

michael haneke’s definition of drama

Drama lives on conflict. If you’re trying to deal with social issues seriously, there’s no way of avoiding violence, which is so present in society

tragedy

where the characters meet a tragic end in a confrontation with superior forces ultimately reaching an understanding of the meaning of the situation and the punishment for their actions

melodrama

relies on impossible events and sensational action bordering on sentimentality. It entertains the audience while conforming to a traditional sense of justice

comedy

literary work involving no terrible tragedy and ends happily for the main characters since it aims to amuse the audience

high comedy

intellectual drama that relies on verbal wit

low comedy

involves physical action; less intellectual than high comedy

romantic comedy (romcom)

love affair with various obstacles but ends in a happy union

farce

broad humor, wild antics, slapstick or other physical humor and involves riotous laughter requiring no serious thought from the audience

fantasy

involves characters with supernatural skills as there is an involvement of magic, pseudo-science, horror, spooky themes, characters, and special effects

musical drama

tells a story through acting, dialogue, dance, and music; may be comedic or serious. became popular as opera

tragicomedy

incorporates jokes to lighten the tone, may be a tragic play with a happy ending

elements of drama

• plot

• characters

• diction

• thought

• spectacle

• melody

astonishment

element of surprise

reversal

• peripeteia (an ironic twist/change or reversal of fortune

• anagnorisis (discovery)

recognition

character’s shift from ignorance to knowledge

suffering

• involves a destructive or painful situation resulting from reversal or recognition

• results in catharsis