History Review

T&O maps

World maps showing the divine order, Jerusalem at the center and Mediterranean dividing the three continents of Aisa, Europe and Africa

Early modern era

time of major global connection, expanding trade, stronger states, religious conflict, scientific and intellectual change, and the beginnings of European global dominance.

Martin Luther

Monk and Professor of moral theology, unhappy with catholicism mainly the use of indulgences

Lutheranism

Decentralized church that preserves social order

Janissaries

12,000 strong devshirme army that serves the sultan alone

Millet systems

All members of a religious group

divine faith

New religion based on the divine infallibility of imperial decisions

Taj Mahal

Mughal monument built by Shah Jahan for Mumtaz Mahal; symbol of Mughal wealth and cultural achievement.

Yuan Dynasty

Mongol rulers of China, created new capital city of Beijing close to mongol steppes

Ming Dynasty

Dynasty that drove out the Mongols and built Great Wall of China first native dynasty in 450 years

Tribute

All trade is state-run and demonstrates status by making trading partners come to emperor

Qing Dynasty

Manchu dynasty

Manchus

Chinese allies to the north who seize power when the Ming fall

Queue

Manchu hairstyle forced on the Chinese people when the Manchus took control

Commerce and manufacturing

The growth of trade and manufacturing during the early modern era increased economic activity and helped create major political, economic, and social changes.

Japan’s imperial capital

Edo (Tokyo)

Daimyos

Hereditary warlord given land and local power by the shogun

outer domains

Larger and semi-independant, but scattered around the periphery

inner domain

only samurai from these lands can hold bafuku offices

Edo period samurai

Lacked purpose due to peaceful times, ended up in debt to merchants

Heliocentric model

The sun is at the center and the planets (including Earth) revolve around it

Elemental theory

Matter has elemental properties attached to it

Isaac Newton

English scientist at the university of Cambridge, invented gravity and calculus

The enlightenment

Intellectual movement based on the principles of rationality and critical thinking

Social contract

Argues that humanity’s natural rights are inherent, not based on rational thought

The state of Nature

The natural state of man is freedom, which has been taken from them by those in power

The third estate

Majority of Frances population that held little to none of the votes in government

Frances budget shortfall

War and government expenses created major financial problems, contributing to the French Revolution.

The estates general

Legislative assembly of France based on the three estates

The French Republic

The Assembly deposes the king and takes control of a new government based on universal (male) suffrage.

September massacres

Sans-culotte mobs seize prisons and murder all political prisoners.

Reign of terror

The mass execution of all opponents of the Jacobin regime.

Napoleonic code

replaces France’s 300 legal systems.

End of napoleonic wars

Napoleon was defeated after his failed invasion of Russia and later at Waterloo. His defeat ended French domination of Europe and led to the restoration of a conservative order across Europe.