1.2 Primary Airway Ajunctions (OPA, NPA)

What is the primary purpose of airway adjuncts?

To maintain airway patency in unconscious patients, in combination with positioning.

When is an OPA indicated?

In unconscious patients with no gag reflex.

When is an OPA contraindicated?

In cases of trismus, presence of gag reflex, or brain injury with adequate ventilation.

What is the main risk of using an OPA in a brain injury patient?

Increased intracranial pressure from gag reflex.

What is the function of an NPA?

Displaces tongue and soft tissue anteriorly via the nasal route to maintain airflow.

Can NPAs be used with a gag reflex?

Yes, they can also be used in cases of trismus or oral trauma.

What injuries require extreme caution with NPA use?

Facial fractures or base of skull fractures.

What are signs of a base of skull fracture?

Raccoon eyes, CSF leak from nose/ears, bleeding from ears, Battle sign.

What complications can occur if an NPA is too long?

Laryngospasm, airway occlusion, esophageal placement.

What is the first preference in brain injury patients – adjunct or positioning?

Positioning.