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What is the main purpose of a frozen section during surgery?
To provide rapid pathological diagnosis
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of frozen section?
High morphological detail
What is a major disadvantage of frozen section?
Potential ice crystal artifacts
Which tissue type is commonly examined using frozen section?
Muscle and nerve
What freezing method is ideal for muscle tissue?
Isopentane cooled by liquid nitrogen
Which temperature range is optimal for cryostat operation?
-18°C to -20°C
What is the primary function of the cryostat?
To freeze tissue for sectioning
In the cold knife procedure, what is applied to freeze the filter paper onto the microtome stage?
CO2 bursts
What is the typical thickness of frozen sections?
5-10 microns
Which embedding medium is commonly used in cryostat sectioning?
OCT compound
What is the primary function of the antiroll plate in cryostat sectioning?
Prevents curling of cut tissue
What is the ideal thickness for frozen tissue blocks before freezing?
3-5 mm
Which of the following is a rapid freezing method that minimizes ice crystal artifacts?
Isopentane cooled by liquid nitrogen
What is the main function of OCT compound?
Acts as an embedding medium
Which freezing method is the fastest but may cause cracking?
Liquid nitrogen
What is the effect of slow freezing on tissue?
Causes ice crystal formation
The cryostat maintains isothermic conditions at:
-18°C to -20°C
What is the purpose of freeze-drying in tissue preservation?
Prevents chemical alteration
What component of the cryostat moves the tissue via a rotary wheel?
Rotary microtome
Which chemical is commonly used in freeze-substitution?
Osmium tetroxide
Which freezing artifact appears as holes in tissue sections?
Ice crystal artifacts
What happens if a frozen tissue section is not maintained in a solid state?
It dehydrates quickly
What is the function of the antiroll plate in cryostat sectioning?
Prevents tissue curling
What is the purpose of freeze-substitution?
Dehydrates tissue at low temperatures
What is an alternative to an antiroll plate for tissue handling?
Camel hair brush
What is the main purpose of using an antiroll plate in cryostat sectioning?
To prevent curling of the tissue section
Which freezing method is suitable for small tissue pieces?
Aerosol sprays
Which of the following is a common fixative for frozen sections?
Acetone
What type of blade is typically used in cryostat sectioning?
High-profile disposable blade
What is the ideal temperature range for freeze-drying tissue?
-160°C to -180°C
What is the purpose of the rotary microtome in cryostat sectioning?
To move the tissue for sectioning
What happens when frozen tissue is cut too slowly?
Ice crystal artifacts increase
Which of the following factors affects cryostat sectioning?
Tissue temperature
What is the main function of freeze-substitution?
To replace water with a chemical fixative at low temperatures
What fixative is commonly used for enzyme histochemistry in frozen sections?
10% formol calcium
What is the primary drawback of freeze-drying?
Time-consuming and expensive
What is the function of the specimen holder (chuck) in cryostat sectioning?
Holds the tissue in place for cutting
Which of the following is a key advantage of freeze-substitution over freeze-drying?
Faster processing time
What happens if the knife in a cryostat is not properly chilled?
Tissue melts during cutting
Which of the following techniques is used to remove water from frozen tissue without chemical fixation?
Freeze-drying
What is the primary reason for maintaining tissue in a frozen solid state during sectioning?
To prevent compression and distortion
Which of the following freezing artifacts is most problematic for skeletal muscle sections?
Ice crystal formation
What is the recommended thickness for cryostat sections?
5-10 µm
Why is fast freezing preferred over slow freezing?
It reduces ice crystal formation
What type of stains are commonly used for frozen section diagnosis?
All of the above
What is the primary disadvantage of using liquid nitrogen for freezing?
Causes cracking of tissue
Which step follows section cutting in frozen section preparation?
All of the above
What is the role of the antiroll plate in sectioning?
Prevents tissue curling
Which of the following best describes freeze-drying?
Removes water from tissue through sublimation
What temperature should a cryostat chamber be maintained at for optimal sectioning?
-18°C to -20°C
Which of the following freezing methods is ideal for neuropathology?
Freeze-substitution
What type of artifact can occur due to uneven freezing with liquid nitrogen?
Ice crystal formation
What is the function of the cryostat chamber in frozen section processing?
To maintain low temperatures for sectioning
Why are frozen sections preferred over paraffin sections for certain studies?
They allow for rapid intraoperative diagnosis
What should be done if tissue is stored in alcohol before frozen sectioning?
Wash the tissue in water for 12-24 hours before freezing
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