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Civil Liberties
Constitutional freedoms guaranteed to all citizens
Equal Protection Clause
Clause in the Fourteenth Amendment that forbids any state to deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
Selective Incorporation Doctrine
Judicial doctrine that applies the Bill of Rights (one right at a time) to state and local governments by incorporating them into the concept of liberty in the 14th Amendment's Due Process Clause (which is binding on the states).
Civil Rights
Policies designed to protect people against arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by government officials or individuals.
Reconstruction Amendments
Three amendments (13th, 14th, and 15th), adopted after the Civil War from 1865 through 1870, that eliminated slavery (13), gave blacks the right to vote (15), and guaranteed due process rights for all (14).
13th Amendment
Abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime.
15th Amendment
Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or previous condition of servitude.
19th Amendment
Extended the right to vote to women in federal and state elections.
24th Amendment
Eliminated the poll tax as a prerequisite to vote in national elections.
Scott v. Sandford, 1857 (Dred Scott Case)
Supreme Court case between a freed slave and his master. The slave left Missouri for Illinois, where he was free, and then returned to Missouri, where he claimed he should remain free. The Court ruled against him, finding that the Constitution only referenced African-Americans as property, not people/citizens, so he had no right to bring the case.
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
Legalized segregation in publicly owned facilities on the basis of "separate but equal."
Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
Unanimously held that the racial segregation of children in public schools violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment.
Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)
Ruled that same-sex couples have a constitutional right to marry.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places.
Voting Rights Act of 1965
A law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African-American suffrage
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
A law that requires employers and public facilities to make "reasonable accommodations" for people with disabilities and prohibits discrimination against these individuals in employment.
Suffrage
the legal right to vote
Title IX of Education Act of 1972
Prohibited gender discrimination in federally funded education programs
Poll Tax
A requirement that citizens pay a tax in order to register to vote
White Primary
A state primary election that restricts voting to whites only; outlawed by the Supreme Court in 1944.
Comparable Worth
The issue raised when women who hold traditionally female jobs are paid less than men for working at jobs requiring comparable skill.
Affirmative Action
A policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities
Martin Luther King Jr.
U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations. He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee.
Rosa Parks
United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)
"Letter from a Birmingham Jail," 1963
Martin Luther King, Jr., wrote on April 16, 1963. In the letter, King defended the nonviolent protests that he participated in for the fight against racial injustice
