Paper 1 Civil Rights and Protest

What institutionalized racism was enforced in the Southern United States?

Jim Crow Laws, which mandated racial segregation in all public facilities.

What types of violence did African Americans face in the Southern United States?

They were subjected to lynching, beatings, and intimidation, often by groups like the Ku Klux Klan.

What was the role of the Ku Klux Klan in the context of racism against African Americans?

The KKK engaged in acts of terrorism, including bombings and murders, to suppress African American civil rights and maintain segregation.

What event highlighted the brutality of racism and became pivotal in the Civil Rights Movement?

The lynching of 14-year-old Emmett Till in 1955.

What barriers to voting did African Americans in the South face?

Poll taxes, literacy tests, and grandfather clauses.

What was the significance of the Supreme Court case Brown v. Board of Education (1954)?

It declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional, overturning Plessy v. Ferguson.

What was the impact of the Brown v. Board of Education ruling?

It led to the desegregation of schools, although implementation was slow and met with resistance.

What was the Little Rock Nine, and what did it symbolize?

Nine African American students who integrated Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, symbolizing federal commitment to civil rights.

What actions did Governor Orval Faubus take against the Little Rock Nine?

He initially prevented their entry using the National Guard.

What was the outcome of the Montgomery Bus Boycott?

It resulted in a Supreme Court ruling that bus segregation was unconstitutional.

What triggered the Montgomery Bus Boycott?

Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a segregated bus.

Who led the Montgomery Bus Boycott?

Martin Luther King Jr. and other leaders of the African American community.

What were the Freedom Rides?

Black and white civil rights activists rode interstate buses through the South to challenge non-enforcement of desegregation laws.

What was the economic impact of Jim Crow Laws on African Americans?

They were confined to low-paying jobs and had limited access to social services and economic opportunities.

How did social stigma affect African Americans in the Jim Crow South?

It led to widespread psychological and emotional harm, denying them basic human dignity.

What was the context of the Little Rock Nine's integration?

It was in line with the Supreme Court's ruling to desegregate schools.

What was the role of the National Guard during the Little Rock Nine incident?

The National Guard was used by the governor to prevent the students' entry into the school.

What was the significance of the Freedom Rides in the Civil Rights Movement?

They highlighted the need for enforcement of desegregation laws at bus terminals.

What was a major outcome of the bus boycott in Montgomery?

It demonstrated the power of non-violent protest and community organization.

What did the Supreme Court rule regarding bus segregation after the Montgomery Bus Boycott?

The Supreme Court ruled that bus segregation was unconstitutional.

What were the literacy tests used for in the context of voting?

They were unfairly administered tests that disenfranchised many African American voters.

What was the impact of the Riders' efforts in the Civil Rights Movement?

Their efforts led to the federal government enforcing desegregation in interstate travel and bus terminals.

What was Freedom Summer (1964)?

A major campaign in Mississippi to register African American voters, organize communities, and raise awareness about racial discrimination.

What was a significant outcome of Freedom Summer despite the violence it faced?

It resulted in increased political engagement and the creation of the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party.

What did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibit?

Discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in public accommodations, education, and employment.

What was the significance of the Civil Rights Act of 1964?

It was a major victory for the Civil Rights Movement, requiring ongoing activism for full enforcement.

What was the aim of the Voting Rights Act of 1965?

To eliminate voting restrictions like literacy tests and poll taxes that disenfranchised African Americans.

What was the impact of the Voting Rights Act of 1965?

It led to a significant increase in African American voter registration and representation in government.

Who was Martin Luther King Jr. and what was his role in the Civil Rights Movement?

He was the leader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and advocated for nonviolent resistance.

What was the significance of Martin Luther King Jr. in the Civil Rights Movement?

His leadership and moral authority made him a central figure in the movement.

What was Malcolm X's role in the Civil Rights Movement?

He was a leader in the Nation of Islam and later in the Organization of Afro-American Unity, advocating for Black nationalism and armed self-defense.

How did Malcolm X's views differ from those of Martin Luther King Jr.?

Malcolm X represented a more radical view, calling for Black empowerment and self-reliance, contrasting with MLK's conciliatory approach.

What role did Lyndon B. Johnson play in the Civil Rights Movement?

As U.S. President (1963-1969), he pushed through key civil rights legislation, including the Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights Act.

What was the significance of Lyndon B. Johnson's presidency for civil rights?

His political acumen was critical in passing major civil rights laws, despite facing resistance from the White South.

What is the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)?

A key civil rights organization that led legal challenges to segregation and fought for African American rights.

What was the significance of the NAACP in the Civil Rights Movement?

They played a major role in the Brown v. Board of Education case and continued advocacy through legal means.

What was the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)?

An organization established by MLK and other clergy members focused on nonviolent protest.

What was the significance of the SCLC in the Civil Rights Movement?

They were instrumental in shaping the nonviolent civil rights strategy.

What was the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)?

A student-led group that organized direct-action protests, including sit-ins and freedom rides.

What was the significance of the SNCC in the Civil Rights Movement?

SNCC was central to pushing the boundaries of civil rights activism and often took a more militant stance.

What role did the Nation of Islam play in the Civil Rights Movement?

Led by Elijah Muhammad, it promoted Black nationalism and self-determination.

What was the significance of the Nation of Islam in the fight for racial equality?

It advocated for Black self-reliance and represented a more radical force in the movement.

What does 'Petty Apartheid' refer to?

Everyday forms of segregation in public spaces, including laws restricting where different racial groups could sit, eat, and use transport.

What were some examples of segregation under Petty Apartheid?

Segregation of public spaces like parks, beaches, buses, trains, and toilets by race.

What were 'pass laws' in South Africa?

Laws requiring Black South Africans to carry pass books to travel between areas designated for them and other areas.

What is 'Grand Apartheid'?

A systematic and legal segregation aimed at maintaining white control over South Africa's population, focusing on political and territorial control.

What was the Bantustan system?

Areas reserved for Black South Africans, often economically underdeveloped, created to deny them full citizenship in South Africa.

What did the Urban Areas Act (1923) allow the government to do?

It allowed the removal of Black South Africans from white areas and restricted their access to certain places.

How were people classified under apartheid?

People were classified into four racial groups: White, Black, Colored (mixed-race), and Indian, determining their rights and opportunities.

What did the Population Registration Act (1950) establish?

A rigid racial classification system that made it a crime for individuals to 'mix' races, with penalties for interracial marriage.

What were forced removals during apartheid?

The government's relocation of Black South Africans from cities to underdeveloped areas, displacing thousands of families.

What was the Bantu Education Act (1953)?

An act that created separate, inferior schools for Black South Africans, aiming to prepare them for menial labor.

What was the impact of the Group Areas Act (1950) on Black South Africans?

It restricted Black people from owning land in urban areas, hindering their ability to accumulate wealth.

What economic roles were Black South Africans relegated to under apartheid?

They were often employed in low-paying, labor-intensive jobs as domestic workers, miners, or factory workers.

What was the psychological impact of apartheid on Black South Africans?

It created a system of permanent inferiority, denying basic human rights and reinforcing second-class citizenship.

How did social segregation affect family relationships during apartheid?

It strained relationships as many Black South Africans were forcibly relocated far from their families or workplaces.

What was the Defiance Campaign (1949)?

One of the first mass protests against apartheid laws, led by the African National Congress (ANC).

What was the purpose of the Defiance Campaign?

To encourage Black South Africans to deliberately break apartheid laws to challenge the system.

What was the nature of the Defiance Campaign?

It was a nonviolent campaign that gained international attention and laid the foundation for later protests.

What is the Freedom Charter and when was it drafted?

A document drafted in 1955 by the ANC, SAIC, and other groups calling for a non-racial, democratic South Africa.

What vision did the Freedom Charter outline for South Africa?

It stated that the country should belong to all who live in it, regardless of race.

Where was the Freedom Charter adopted?

In Kliptown.

What significant event occurred on March 21, 1960?

The Sharpeville Massacre, where police killed 69 protesters during a peaceful demonstration against pass laws.

What was the impact of the Sharpeville Massacre on the ANC's strategy?

It marked a turning point, leading the ANC and PAC to abandon nonviolent methods and move toward armed struggle.

What was formed by the ANC in response to the Sharpeville Massacre?

Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK), the ANC's armed wing, led by Nelson Mandela and Walter Sisulu.

What type of campaigns did MK launch?

Sabotage campaigns targeting government infrastructure, military sites, and strategic economic targets.

What was the Rivonia Trial?

A significant trial from 1963-1964 where ANC leaders were arrested and tried for sabotage and treason.

What was the outcome of the Rivonia Trial for Nelson Mandela and his comrades?

They were sentenced to life imprisonment and sent to Robben Island.

What was Nelson Mandela's role in the anti-apartheid movement?

He was the central figure in the ANC's armed struggle and became the face of resistance against apartheid.

Who was Albert Luthuli and what was his stance on resistance?

President of the ANC and Nobel Peace Prize laureate who advocated for nonviolent resistance but supported armed struggle after Sharpeville.

What was the primary goal of the African National Congress (ANC)?

To fight for Black rights and equality in South Africa.

How did the South African Communist Party (SACP) contribute to the anti-apartheid movement?

It supported the ANC and played a major role in organizing underground activities and promoting Marxist ideas.

What does Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) represent?

The military wing of the ANC that launched acts of sabotage against the apartheid regime.

What was the significance of the Freedom Charter in the anti-apartheid movement?

It became a symbol of resistance and laid the groundwork for later political movements.

What was the international response to the Rivonia Trial?

It attracted global attention and sympathy for the ANC's cause.

What did Nelson Mandela famously declare during the Rivonia Trial?

He was prepared to die for the ideals of freedom and equality in South Africa.

What was the ANC's stance before the Sharpeville Massacre?

The ANC advocated for peaceful, nonviolent methods of protest.

What was the role of sabotage in the ANC's armed struggle?

It aimed to weaken the apartheid regime's control through targeted attacks.

How did the Sharpeville Massacre affect public perception of the ANC?

It shifted public perception, as peaceful methods were seen as ineffective against state repression.

What was the significance of the ANC's decision to take up arms?

It marked a critical shift in the resistance strategy against apartheid, leading to increased violence.