Terms- epidemiology

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

• consists of troublesome symptoms or mucosal damage due to the retrograde movement of gastric content through an incompetent esophagogastric junction.

• an upper gastrointestinal disorder, with a relevant and significant impact on quality of life and healthcare costs

Episodic

_________heartburn that is not frequent enough or painful enough to be considered bothersome by the patient is not included in this definition of GERD.

• symptom-based

• tissue injury–based

GERD can be further classified as either

Symptom-based GERD

may exist with or without esophageal injury

• heartburn,

• regurgitation, or

• dysphagia.

Symptom-based GERD Most commonly presents as

• odynophagia,

• water brash,

• belching,

• bloating, or

• hypersalivation

Symptom-based GERD Less commonly,

nonerosive reflux disease (NERD).

The absence of tissue injury or erosions is commonly termed

Tissue injury-based GERD

may exist with or without symptoms

Esophagitis (inflammation of the lining of the esophagus)

• occurs when the esophagus is repeatedly exposed to refluxed gastric contents for prolonged periods of time.

•Barrett’s esophagus

•When tissue lining the esophagus is replaced by tissue similar to the lining of the intestine

Esophageal strictures

•narrowing or tightening of the esophagus

1 to 2 cm

Strictures are common in the distal esophagus and are_______in length.

NSAIDs or aspirin

use may contribute to the development or worsening of GERD complications

esophageal adenocarcinoma

The risk of _________ higher for patients with Barrett’s esophagus.

most commonly in those older than 50 years of age
appears highest in Western countries

EPIDEMIOLOGY

pregnancy and the presence of NERD

Two contributing factors for the increased prevalence of GERD in females include

men.

The prevalence of erosive esophagitis is higher in

Adenocarcinoma

more common in those with chronic GERD symptoms than those who do not have GERD.

➢Obesity - a 2.5 times increased risk.

➢Tobacco smoking may increase 1.26 times compared to nonsmokers.

Risk factors to the development or worsening of GERD symptoms include

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and major depressive disorder

have been reported as worsening GERD symptoms