medicine through time!

:))

When were the Middle Ages?

c1250 to c1500

What institution dominated Europe in the Middle Ages?

The Catholic Church

What were people taught to obey in the Middle Ages?

The teachings of the Church and ancient texts

Who controlled education in the Middle Ages?

The Church

What ideas did universities teach in the Middle Ages?

Ancient ideas of Hippocrates and Galen

What was sanitation like in towns in the Middle Ages?

Filthy due to poor sewage

Who was Hippocrates?

Ancient Greek doctor who developed the Theory of the Four Humours

Who was Galen?

Ancient Greek doctor who developed Hippocrates' ideas

What was the Theory of the Four Humours?

That the body contained yellow bile, black bile, blood, and phlegm

What was believed to happen when the Four Humours were out of balance?

The person was ill

What was the belief of miasma?

That foul air caused disease

What did people believe about the cause of disease in the Middle Ages?

That disease was a punishment from God for their sins

What beliefs were there about astrology?

That movement and alignment of planets caused disease

What is the memory hook for the Black Death?

1348, life's not great, grab a mate and flagellate

How many people died from the Black Death?

40% of population

What were the believed causes of the Black Death?

God, Miasma, Four Humours, Planets

What did the Italian government do to stop plague from spreading?

Enforced quarantine laws to stop movement of people

What group was blamed for the Black Death?

Jews accused of poisoning wells so often killed

What were people advised not to do during Black Death as a treatment which went against usual advice?

Not to take a bath in case water opened pores

What was a superstitious treatment for the plague during the Black Death?

Bread placed around buboe and buried

What was an apothecary?

A person who made and dispensed medicine

How did apothecaries compare to doctors?

Cheaper than doctors

What did apothecaries have a good understanding of?

The healing properties of plants

What kind of treatments did apothecaries use?

Herbal treatment that caused no harm

What did wise women do?

Sold treatments and gave care

What did wise women use?

Herbs and charms

Who did wise women act as?

Licensed midwives

What did physicians study in the Middle Ages?

Ancient texts about Four Humours

Who dominated medicine in the Middle Ages?

Galen

What was the Theory of Design?

That the human body was so complex it must've been created by a higher being

What treatments did physicians often use in the Middle Ages?

Blood-letting and purging

If physicians deemed a patient too old or weak what treatment was used instead?

Leeches

What was purging?

Laxatives were used and person was made to vomit

What was it believed that the 12 zodiac signs did?

Affected certain parts of body

What book did doctors use to help them decide which treatment they should use in the Middle Ages?

The Vade Mecum

How did physicians often diagnose patients in the Middle Ages?

Uroscopy

How was uroscopy used in the Middle Ages?

Colour and smell of urine compared to a urine chart

How well was infection understood in the Middle Ages?

Limited understanding

What were surgeons prepared to do in the Middle Ages?

Challenge ancient ideas

What did royal surgeon John Bradmore do instead of conventional advice in the Middle Ages?

Treated an arrow wound of Henry Prince of Wales with barley and honey

What was the role of a surgeon seen as in the Middle Ages?

A practical job like a builder

How were surgeons trained instead of university in the Middle Ages?

As apprentices and read books to improve their practice

Who were barber surgeons?

Less qualified surgeons

What operations did surgeons perform in the Middle Ages? (wounds)

Cauterised wounds

What was cauterising?

Using a hot iron to burn away diseased tissue and seal a wound

Why was complex surgery not attempted before Simpson's discovery?

No effective anaesthetics

Who did St. John's hospital in Somerset refuse?

Contagious diseases and pregnant women

 Who ran most of the hospitals in the Middle Ages?

The Church

How many hospitals were there by 1500?

Increased to 1100

What did nuns do in hospitals?

Routine nursing, changing bed linen and clothes of patients

What did priests and monks do in hospitals?

Look after spiritual welfare of patients

How many hospitals were owned and run by the Church in the Middle Ages?

30%

What were hospitals known as in the Middle Ages?

Houses of God

Where were the vast majority of people cared for in the Middle Ages?

At home by women

What were leper houses?

Built to quarantine people infected with leprosy

What specialised care did St. Thomas' hospital provide in the Middle Ages?

For unmarried pregnant women

What specialised care did St Mary of Bethlehem (Bedlam) provide?

Care for mentally ill

What hospitals did surgeons and physicians visit?

Larger hospitals

What did hospitals mainly provide in the Middle Ages?

General care and hospitality

When was the Renaissance?

c1500 to c1700

What percentage of the population was illiterate in the Middle Ages?

90%

Who invented the printing press?

Johann Gutenberg

What did the printing press allow?

More frequent ideas that spread quicker and further

Who wrote the '95 Theses'?

Martin Luther

What did the Protestant Reformation lead to?

Ideas of the Church were publicly challenged

What was humanism?

Renewed interest in discovery and challenging older ideas

What did Thomas Sydenham encourage?

Observation and recording of symptoms

What idea for causes of disease was developed in the Renaissance?

Transference

What beliefs about the Plague continued in the Renaissance?

Miasma, astrology, and God

What was still a common treatment in the Renaissance?

Blood-letting

Who wrote The Complete Herbal?

Nicolas Culpepper

What was tobacco regarded as in the Renaissance?

A cure all ingredient

What were many cures based on in the Renaissance?

Superstition

Who was Andreas Vesalius?

Anatomist

How many times did Vesalius prove Galen wrong?

Up to 700

What did Vesalius discover about the jaw bone?

It is made of 1 bone not 2

What did Vesalius discover about the septum in the heart?

That blood can't pass to other side

What did Vesalius discover about the ribcage?

Made of 3 bones not 7

What book did Vesalius write?

Fabric of the Human Body

How did Harvey disprove Galen's theory about blood?

Showed that blood is pumped around the body by the heart 

How does Harvey's discovery link to Vesalius?

Discovery of septum in the heart laid the foundations for Harvey's discovery

When was the Great Plague?

1665

What did St. Bartholomew's start doing?

Taking in the sick to treat their illness

What was a change in beliefs of causes of the Great Plague?

Pestilence and transference

What did people to prevent the Great Plague?

Ringing church bells and lit candles to disperse miasma

What was lit by order of the government to disperse miasma during the Great Plague?

Bonfires and barrels of tar

How many stray dogs were killed during the Great Plague?

40,000

What were householders ordered to do during Great Plague?

Sweep outside their doors to prevent miasma

Why were dead bodies collected in carts during the Great Plague?

To be mass-buried and stop infection

When was the Industrial Era?

c1700 to c1900

What did Edward Jenner discover from dairy maids?

They were less likely to catch small pox

What method did Edward Jenner use to make sure his idea was correct?

Scientific method

What did Edward Jenner create?

The first vaccination

What is the memory hook for Edward Jenner?

Cow but doesn't know how

When did vaccination become compulsory in Britain?

1852

Memory hook for Louis Pasteur?

Chick does the trick

Memory hook for Robert Koch?

Purple dye to identify

What was the idea of spontaneous generation? (Organisms)

That living organisms appeared from nowhere

What did people believe microorganisms from spontaneous generation did?

Spread disease

What was the Germ Theory?

That the air contained microorganisms which caused decay