11.3 · Other trauma & alterations in posture

Dislocation

Displacement of one or more bones in a joint in which opposing surfaces lose all contact

Most commonly dislocated joint

Shoulder, followed by elbow, wrist, finger, hip, and knee

Subluxation

Partial dislocation in which opposing surfaces lose only some contact

Scoliosis

Lateral deviation of the spinal column, with or without rotation

Scoliosis causes

Idiopathic and perhaps genetic, systemic conditions such as cerebral palsy, or adaptation to leg length discrepancy

Kyphosis

Increased curvature of the upper spine

Kyphosis causes

Diseases causing loss of bone density in vertebrae such as osteoporosis, or fusion of joints between vertebrae such as ankylosing spondylitis

Lordosis

Excessive curvature of the lower spine

Lordosis causes

Misaligned vertebrae, which can be due to obesity or pregnancy

Strain

Tearing or stretching of a muscle or tendon; most common in the lower back and neck portion of the spine

Sprain

Tearing of a ligament; most common in the ankle but also wrist, elbow, and knee

Avulsion

Complete separation of a tendon or ligament from bone