brief reference to a person, event, or place, real or fictitious, or to a work of art.
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Anaphora
a scheme in which the same word or phrase is repeated at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or sentences
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Anastrophe
a scheme in which normal word order is changed for emphasis
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Antithesis
a scheme that makes use of contrasting words, phrases, sentences, or ideas for emphasis (generally used in parallel grammatical structures).
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Apostrophe
scheme in which a person or an abstract quality is directly addressed, whether present or not.
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Epistrophe
a scheme in which the same word is repeated at the end of successive phrases, clauses, or sentences.
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Hyperbole
a trope composed of exaggerated words or ideals used for emphasis and not to be taken literally.
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irony
a trope in which a word or phrase is used to mean the opposite of its literal meaning.
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Juxtaposition
Placement of two things closely together to emphasize comparisons or contrasts.
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Litotes
a trope in which one makes a deliberate understatement for emphasis.
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metaphor
a trope in which a word or phrase is transferred from its literal meaning to stand for something else.
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Metonymy
A figure of speech in which something is referred to by using the name of something that is associated with it. A trope that substitutes an associated word for one that is meant.
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Oxymoron
a trope that connects two contradictory terms
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paradox
a seemingly absurd or self-contradictory statement or proposition that when investigated or explained may prove to be well founded or true.
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periphrasis
a trope in which one substitutes a descriptive word or phrase for a proper noun.
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Personification
A trope in which human qualities or abilities are assigned to abstractions or inanimate objects.
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Pun
a play on words in which a homophone is repeated but used in a different sense.
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rhetorical question
a trope in which the one asks a leading question.
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Simile
A trope in which one states a comparison between two things that are not alike but have similarities. Unlike metaphors, similes employ "like" or "as."
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synecdoche
a trope in which a part stands for the whole.
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zeugma
a trope in which one verb governs several words, or clauses, each in a different sense.