Chapter 1: What is Biotechnology?
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78 Terms
What is the definition of biotechnology?
Biotechnology is biology (life) + technology (tools to shape life). Biotechnology is like giving nature a set of tools that reprogram living systems to do something new and/or something useful.
What are three traditional biotechnology products?
Three traditional biotechnology products are yogurt, bread, and cheese.
What are two examples of modern biotechnology products?
Two examples of modern biotechnology products are therapeutic drugs and enzymes in laundry detergents.
When did the modern biotechnology industry begin?
It began in the 1970s (1976).
When did early humans begin selectively breeding plants and livestock?
Humans began selectively breeding plants and livestock for thousands of years.
When was wine first invented?
The first wine was invented in 4,000 BC by the Egyptians.
Who developed brewing and cheese making? When?
The Sumerians and the Egyptians developed them around 2,000 BC.
What was the first antibiotic used? Which culture? When?
The first antibiotic used was moldy soybean curds in Chinese culture during 500 BC.
Who developed the first smallpox vaccine? When?
It was developed by Edward Jenner in 1796.
Who discovered proteins?
Jons Jakob Berzelius discovered it.
When was the Origin of Species published?
It was published in 1859.
When was pasteurization first developed?
It was developed in 1861.
When did Mendel establish the principles of genetics?
In 1865.
Who developed the first rabies vaccine? What year?
Louis Pasteur developed the vaccine in 1885.
When did the term “biotechnology” first appear in print?
In 1919.
Who discovered penicillin? What year?
Alexander Fleming discovered it in 1928.
Who discovered DNA as the carrier of genetic information?
Oswald Avery discovered it in 1943.
When was the double-helix structure of DNA discovered?
In 1953.
When was mRNA discovered?
In 1961.
When was the gene first completely synthesized?
The gene was first completely synthesized in 1971.
When was recombinant insulin produced? By which company?
It was produced in 1977 by Genentech.
When was DNA fingerprinting first used?
In 1984.
When were the first genetically modified tobacco plants grown?
In 1986.
When was the Human Genome Project first launched?
In 1990.
What was the first cloned mammal? What year?
The first cloned mammal was a sheep in 1997.
When was Golden Rice developed?
In 1999 to combat Vitamin A deficiencies.
When was the Human Genome Project completed?
The project was completed in 2003.
When was the first HPV vaccine approved?
In 2003.
When was the first self-replicating bacterial cell created?
In 2010.
When was CRISPR-CAS9 used for gene editing?
In 2012.
When were mRNA vaccines first used?
In 2021.
What are the different sectors in biotechnology?
They are biological research, healthcare, agriculture, and manufacturing.
What are the key techniques in biotechnology?
They are molecular biology, cell biology, and genetic engineering.
What is the ethical consideration around biotechnology?
There are ethical considerations on the equity, safety, and long term impact.
What are the tools in biotechnology?
These are whole cells, DNA, RNA, and proteins.
What are two of the key instruments in biotechnology?
They are spectrophotometers and PCR machines.
What is chromatography?
Chromatography is a sorting technique.
What is gene transfer?
Gene transfer is a delivery system.
What is protein purification?
Protein purification is the final product.
What is a spectrophotometer?
A spectrophotometer quantifies DNA and proteins through light.
What is PCR?
PCR amplifies DNA and is used in diagnostics, forensics, and cloning.
What are the key concepts behind using biotechnology in national defense?
They are rapid identifications, vaccines, and stockpiling therapeutics.
Which company was the founding biotechnology company? What was their first product?
Genentech was the founding biotechnology company and their first product was Humulin (insulin).
What is the difference between biotech and pharmaceutical industries?
Biotech industries develop biological drugs and pharmaceutical industries develop chemical drugs.
Who are the key users of biotechnology?
They are healthcare (vaccines), agriculture (pest-resistance crops), forensics (DNA profiling), and National Defense (biosurveillance).
What is genomics?
It is the study of the entire genome.
What is proteomics?
It is the study of all protein expressions.
What is precision medicine?
Precision medicine targets therapies based on genetic profiles.
What happens during the drug discovery phase of drug development?
Scientists conduct lab animal testing.
What happens during phase 1 clinical trials?
Scientists test the safety of the vaccines in tens of volunteers.
What happens during phase 2 clinical trials?
Scientists test the effectiveness of the new vaccine with hundreds of volunteers.
What happens during phase 3 clinical trials?
Scientists confirm the test results with thousands of volunteers.
What are the four common hazards in a lab?
Chemicals, biological, physical, and fire-related.
What does OSHA recommend to ensure safety?
OSHA recommends training, PPE, and procedural awareness to ensure safety.
What must initial and recurring training cover?
Equipment location, safe handling, and emergency responses.
What is PPE?
Personal protective equipment.
When should PPE be worn?
Must be worn at all times.
What is eye protection?
Goggles, splash guards, and UV face shields.
What is hand protection?
Latex/nitrile gloves based on hazard type.
What are body/foot protection?
Lab coats and closed-toe shoes required.
What is the MSDS?
An instruction manual for each chemical that details safe handling and storage.
When should fume hoods be used?
When handling volatile or hazardous substances.
What are Biosafety levels?
Categorization of labs by hazard.
What is BSL 1?
Used for non-disease-causing organisms; basic PPE.
What is BSL 2?
Moderate hazards; requires access restriction, signage, biological safety cabinets for aerosols.
What is BSL 3 & BSL 4?
High-level pathogens; rare, require advanced safety and isolation.
How should microorganisms be disposed?
Microorganisms are disposed through autoclaving or 10% bleach soak.
What tools measure volume?
Graduated cylinders, volumetric flasks, and pipettes (including micropipettes).
What tools measure mass?
Analytical balances and the usage of weighing paper or boats.
What is normal body temp?
37 degrees Celsius.
What is normal room temp?
22 degrees Celsius.
What pH meters?
Measured using pH meters with electrodes. They calibrate using standard buffers (e.g. pH 4, 7, 10).
How should glassware be cleaned?
Glassware should be rinsed, washed with detergent, rinsed with distilled water, dried, and sterilized (if needed). The best is to use autoclaves.
What is an autoclave?
Autoclaves are used to sterilize media, tools, and solutions at 121 degrees Celsius and at 15-20 PSI.
What are the different methods for disinfection?
You can use 10% bleach (soak for 15 minutes for surfaces and glass), 70% ethanol (for rapid disinfection, but is not effective on spores), and UV light.
What is the purpose of a lab notebook?
Lab notebooks are required to document purpose, methods, results, and conclusions. They are legal records for intellectual properties in the U.S.
What are SI units?
SI units are scientific measurements like grams, liters, and degrees Celsius.
What is the dilution formula?
The formula is C1V1=C2V2