Period 4 APUSH Vocabulary

Whigs

a political party that existed from the 1830s to the 1850s, formed in opposition to President Andrew Jackson

Henry Clay

Kentucky statesman who developed the American System, defused tensions with deals like Missouri Compromise and Compromise of 1850

Market Revolution

transformation in the early to mid-19th century (roughly 1820s-1850s) that shifted the American economy into a more commercial, industrial economy

Second Great Awakening

a Protestant religious revival in the early 19th century (c. 1790s-1830s) characterized by emotional mass "camp meetings" and a focus on individual conversion and responsibility

Protestants

members of a branch of Christianity that broke from the Roman Catholic Church, emphasizing salvation through faith and the authority of the Bible

Utopian Movements

a series of experiments in the antebellum period where people created idealistic, intentional communities to form a perfect society

South/North/Midwest

the North was industrializing, the South remained agrarian and slave-based, and the Midwest was developing as a major agricultural producer

Enslaved Blacks/Free African American Abolitionists/Antislavery Movements

enslaved Black resistance included creating communities, preserving culture, and acts of rebellion

Seneca Falls Convention

the first women's rights convention in the United States and marked the beginning of the organized women's suffrage movement

Transportation Revolution

the period of significant infrastructure development, particularly the construction of roads, canals, and railroads

Public/Private Sphere

the public sphere was work, politics, and commerce (male-centered), while the private sphere was the home, (female-centered) and seen as the moral and domestic center of life

Appalachian Mountains

a historic barrier to westward expansion that settlers began to cross with increasing frequency due to improvements in transportation

Ohio/Mississippi Rivers

vital transportation routes that facilitated westward expansion, enabled new settlement patterns, and connected regional economies through commerce

American System

an economic plan proposed by Henry Clay after the War of 1812 that aimed to strengthen the national economy and foster unity through three main components: a protective tariff to promote domestic industry, a national bank to stabilize currency, and federal funding for internal improvements like roads and canals

Louisiana Purchase

the 1803 acquisition by the United States from France of approximately 828,000 square miles of territory for $15 million

American Indian Removal

the U.S. government's policy in the 1830s to forcibly relocate Native American tribes from their ancestral lands east of the Mississippi River to western territories

Monroe Doctrine

U.S. foreign policy statement in 1823 that opposed further European colonization in the Western Hemisphere and warned against European intervention in the affairs of newly independent Latin American nations

Missouri Compromise

a legislative agreement that admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, maintaining the balance of power between North and South in the Senate