A&P of Respiratory System

Define cells

basic unit of an organism

Respiratory System’s Main Function

gas exchange (O2 from atmosphere → body; CO2 → out of body)

Define alveoli

tiny air sacs in lungs where gas exchange occurs (exchange of O2 & CO2)

Bringing oxygen into the lungs is known as ______

inhalation (aka breathing)

When oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange in the lungs it’s known as _______

ventilation

Define the pathway of air into the lungs (8)

nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

Define bronchioles

small passages that connect bronchi to alveoli

What do type 1 alveolar cells do

make up the alveolar wall

What do type 2 alveolar cells do?

releases surfactant

What’s the function of surfactant?

reduces surface tension

Where is the heart located?

in the mediastinum (area between the two lungs)

What are the lobes of the right lung:

superior, middle, inferior (3)

What are the lobes of the left lung?

superior, inferior (2)

What is the protective double memberane that the lungs have?

pleura

The pleura contains _____ ______ between it’s layers.

pleural fluid

The lungs are located where?

thoracic cavity

Function of heart

transports oxygen and carbon dioxide thorughout the body

The heart’s pulmonary system sends blood low in ___ and high in ____ to the ____.

O2, CO2, lungs

Define capillaries (2)

small vessels that connect arterioles to venules; performs gas exchange

The heart’s sytemic circulation sends the ________ blood to all parts of the body.

oxygenated

Once the oxygen is consumed by the cells, the blood becomes ________ and is returned to the ______.

deoxygenated; heart

Gas exchange in the lungs occurs via _______.

diffusion

Is diffusion active or passive transport?

passive transport (requires no energy)

Define diffusion

movement of a substance from high concentration to low

What is the rate of diffusion directly proportional to? (2)

surface area and concentration gradient

During diffusion, where does O2 and CO2 go?

O2 moves into blood from lungs; CO2 moves into lungs from blood

When we exhale, the ___ moves back into the atmosphere

CO2

Ventilation occurs due to ______ _____ and _______ _______.

muscle action; negative pressure

What muscles are used to increase the volume of the lungs for inhalation? (2)

diapgragm, intercostal muscles

When the muscles contract to increase volume of lungs, the pressure ______.

decreases

Due to the decrease in pressure from lungs, it allows air to be …

drawn in

When the diaphragm & intercostal muscles relax, what happens?

causes reduced lung volume and increased pressure

When the pressure increases within the lungs, it causes…

air to be pushed out

Define tidal volume

amount of air breathed in and out of the lungs during a normal breath

Define residual volume

small amount of air rich in CO2 after exhalation that stays in the alveoli

What controls our breathing?

medulla oblongata

How does the medulla oblongata monitor our breathing?

monitors CO2 levels and blood pH to adjust respiration rates (for CO2 and O2 balance)

Define asthma (lung disease)

condition where airways narrow due to swelling or mucus buildup (causes difficulty inhaling/exhaling)

What are some environmental pollutants that can impede lung function? (3)

chemicals, pollen, smoke

Name some genetic conditions that can impede lung action (3)

surfactant insufficiency, asthma, cystic fibrosis

List some pathogens that can affect lung function (3)

influenza, tuberculosis, pneumonia

Influenza is caused by a _____. It uses the cells in the respiratory system to make new viruses.

virus

Define allergies

an immune response to a foreign agent that’s not a pathogen

Inflammation results in…? (4)

redness, swelling, heat, and pain in an area (as a immunity response)

Define disease

condition that deteriorates normal cells/tissues/organs