module 7 part 1

What is emotion?

A short-lasting psychological and physiological response to a stimulus involving physiological arousal, cognition, subjective feelings, and behavioral expression.

What is mood?

A longer-lasting emotional state that is less intense than an emotion and often lacks a specific trigger.

Emotion vs Mood

Emotion is short-lived and triggered by a specific event; mood lasts longer and often has no obvious cause.

What are primary emotions?

Basic, universal emotions that are biologically programmed, including happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, and disgust.

What are secondary emotions?

More complex emotions that develop through experience and culture, such as guilt, shame, embarrassment, jealousy, and pride.

What is valence?

The positive or negative quality of an emotion.

What is arousal?

The degree of physiological activation or alertness associated with an emotion.

Give examples of high-arousal emotions.

Fear, excitement, anger, panic.

Give examples of low-arousal emotions.

Calmness, relaxation, contentment, sadness.

What is the insula?

A brain region involved in disgust, taste, pain, empathy, emotional awareness, and perception of internal bodily states.

Damage to the insula causes what deficit?

Difficulty recognizing or experiencing disgust.

What is the amygdala?

A limbic system structure responsible for fear processing, threat detection, emotional learning, aggression, and emotional memory.

Damage to the amygdala produces what deficit?

Difficulty recognizing or experiencing fear.

Why is the amygdala important for survival?

It rapidly detects threats and initiates appropriate physiological responses.

What is the hippocampus responsible for?

Formation of new declarative memories.

How do the amygdala and hippocampus interact?

The amygdala strengthens memories that have emotional significance, making emotional events easier to remember.

Why are traumatic events often remembered vividly?

The amygdala enhances memory formation through interactions with the hippocampus.

What is misattribution of arousal?

Mistakenly attributing physiological arousal to the wrong source.

Example of misattribution of arousal.

Feeling attracted to someone because your heart is racing after crossing a scary bridge.

What is motivation?

The processes that initiate, direct, and sustain goal-directed behavior.

What is a drive?

An internal state of tension that motivates behavior to satisfy biological needs.

Examples of drives.

Hunger, thirst, sleep, temperature regulation.

What is an incentive?

An external reward or stimulus that motivates behavior.

Examples of incentives.

Money, grades, praise, trophies, food rewards.

What is intrinsic motivation?

Performing a behavior because it is personally enjoyable or satisfying.

Examples of intrinsic motivation.

Reading for pleasure, playing music because you enjoy it.

What is extrinsic motivation?

Performing a behavior to obtain an external reward or avoid punishment.

Examples of extrinsic motivation.

Studying for a grade or working for a paycheck.

What is self-efficacy?

One's belief in their ability to successfully perform behaviors necessary to achieve goals.

Who developed the concept of self-efficacy?

Albert Bandura.

What is delayed gratification?

Resisting an immediate reward to obtain a larger future reward.

What are the four components of emotion?

Physiological arousal, cognitive appraisal, subjective feeling, and behavioral expression.

What does physiological arousal refer to?

Body changes such as increased heart rate, sweating, or rapid breathing.

What does cognitive appraisal mean?

Interpreting or evaluating a situation to determine its emotional meaning.

What is subjective feeling?

The conscious experience of an emotion.

What is behavioral expression?

The outward display of emotion through facial expressions, body language, or voice.

What is the James-Lange theory?

Physiological arousal occurs first, and the perception of that arousal produces emotion.

James-Lange sequence.

Stimulus → Physiological response → Emotion.

Example of James-Lange theory.

You see a bear, your heart races, and then you feel fear.