italy b3

national society

• enabled by cavour

• formed in the 1850’s by italian exlies whom where living in piedmont

• 8,000 memebers by 1857

• they wanted to promote the unity of italy - many memebers whom where which ex mazzinians such as la farina and manin who were begining to accept leadership of italy under piedmontse monarch

• 1856 cavour met manin - but cavour didnt want napolean III to think that he was organising and backing a group of dangerous radical

why did napolean take up the cause of italian nationalism

• napolean had a personal conncetion to italy since he grew up there

• but he was also wary of the catholic support which he needed back home in france

• joint hatred of the austrians

• orsini affair → count orsini tried to assisnate napolean at the opera in the name of italian nationalism

• this most likely unnerved napolean and made him become more acknowledging of the hinderances which he had played leading to him seeking to ammend his actions by helpig the italains. it made him want to ‘do something’ for italy

pact of plombieres

• highly secerative meeting between cavour and napolean at plombieres on july 21st 1858

• it was be french military intervention in a war agaisnt austria which would in turn allow for a united northen italy.

• austria would have to be seen as the aggressors so that france could be seen as protecting the weaker piemdont

• rome however would remain in control of the pope and same with napless with central italy being controlled by tuscany

• france would get nice and savoy for 200,000 soliders (plus the marriage of VEII daughter to Napoleans cousin) → st blow to nationalism for the longer goal of italian unification

• VEII woul,d also provide an army of 100,00 but only managed 80,000

battle of magenta

• may 1859

• fought in north of italy in the border in a village

• the georgaphy of the battle was complex as it was fought in a village meaning every house had been turned into a mini fortress

• fightning done by 5,000 genadiers of the french imperial guard

• not particularly leage battel but was an overall decsivie victory as not a single piedmontese solider died showing the french domination of miltary within the war (june 4th)

solferino

• austrians sortied out from solferiono to attack the allied army

• it ranged over an enrous area of 60 miles

• 21-24th june

• eventually the austrians were driven back to the quadrilaterals

• bloody war → allies taking 17,000 causailties and austrains 21,000

• this deeply unnerved napolean as his army was fightning for a cause which wasnt his with a high death toll which would reflect badly upon the people. but also be became increasingly concered over prussia perhaps joining the war → lead to him going behind piedmonts back and as signing a peace deal

grand duchies and the national society

• national society were encouraging change in the centeral duchies in 1859

• demonstrations in floerence had lead to the set up of a provisional government

• peaceful demonstrations in modena and parmer also led to provisonal governments

• unrest also began to occur in the papal controlled bologna

why did naploean sue for peace

• new and more accurate weponary had being created leading to higher death and causilty rates than in previous years

• only 1 doctor for every 500 causalities

• piedmont lacked equitment and expertise

• cavour seemed to be increasingly more interested in the central duchies which went beyond the terms of plombieres agreement

• prussian army had moblised

• VILLA FRANCA on july 11th 1859 + treaty of zurich

cavour and naploean cause unification of centeral italy

• cavour whom had orginally resgined as prime minister, came back in 1860 and negotated the treaty of turiin with napolean who would allow - france would be given nice and savoy if napolean could agree to the piedmontse annexation of the centeral duchies

• plebicites would be used (as well as war and propanganda to drum up nationalist feeling)

• emilia - 426,000

• tuscany - 366,571

pros and cons of italian unity

CONS

• had to give up nice and savoy to the french

• north was temporaily not unfied

• for some radicals this was not enough

PRO

• unifcations of centeral italy through diplomatic and government influence

• plebictie showed a more offical and peacefull way of going about with unification which pleased many moderates

• pope desires where also refected

italian nationalism

CON

• large causalties from the war

• french had gone behind italy → showed them as weak ande easy to take advantage of

• national society had to do the work rather than the government doing something

• austria and forigners still in control of italy

PRO

• lawful annexation allowing for self determination from italian control

• increased nationalism through propaganda

• states had georgraphically unfied together which would allow for the gradual ideological transtion for a feeling of nationalism (or backfire into alienation)

relationship with france

CON

• france had destroyed the trust between italy through going behind their back and suing for peace

• france had also increased their control over italy through their miltary power

PRO

• short term there had been a demonstration of a close realtionship and arguably because the plombieres meeting agreements had been fuflied the diplmotic realtionship was upheld

austrain strength

CON

• suffered major causilties from the war leading to a loss of morale but also showed the instablitly to europe of the austrian empire

• no control over italy and the growing independence that they were having

• war had led to unification of the centeral duchies and northen italy

PRO

• villa franca agreement with france had showed the diplomatic domination which the austrians still maintained over the piedmonstese

• vientia still in there control

• mantained control over the pensuila → however cavour found a ‘loop hole’ through plebicites

garabaldi role in italy pre 1860 - roman republic + 1859 war

• He was distrusted by VEII so he couldnt join the offical army

• he was head of the miltary in the roman republic

• he however appealed to the crowd at the fall of the republic when 5000 men follwed him 800km to genoa to escape

• he had the apline hunters during the 1859 war where he was given command of 3,000 volunteers where he threatened the right flank of the austrian army

• he wasnt overally impactful on the war but showed his competencies as a leader

garabaldi’s conquest of italy

• urged by mazzini to go and help an insercetion in sicily - left with 1200 volunteers in may 1860 with no ammunitation

• cavour let him do so knowing it was futile to try and stop him but was certian that his plan however would never suceed. he did put out a warrant for his arrest, however it was too late

• garabaldi was sucessful in conquering sicily and defeating the neoplotain army. he later made himself dictator of italy, orginally alining with the peasants but later for stablilty instead alinging with the landlords

• he refused to hand over the conquered land to victor Emmanuel

• with the help of british ships, cavour corssed the straits before cavour to get tp him

• cavour feared that garabaldi would attack rome (which would lead to difficulties with france)

• garabalidni were 60,000 strong and were powerful - so to combat this piedmont sent out an army led to VEII to stop garabaldi before he could potentially reach rome

• garabaldi and VEII met at teano on the 26th of october and he handed over the land to VEII. annexation by plebicities thus occured

post unification italy

• concern amoungst europe that the unification of italy was going to throw off the balance within europe if a new state emmerged

• russia broke of any diplomatic ties but england gave them backing

• austria however wanted to reniforce itself in venetia since that was all it had left in italy

how could garabaldi’s conquest lead to potetial problems for the new kingdom of italy

• his commitments to rome and wanting unfication with it. garabaldi beocmong a nusiance within global diplomacy since it endangers the pope - but also the pope would feel increasingly more vunraible

• venetia and commitments to unity which may lead to war with austria when they are not prepared for such to occur

• econmic debts

• sicilys independence