AP Computer Science Principles: Internet, Networking, and Data Transmission

Bandwidth

The capacity to transmit data, generally measured in bytes per second.

Routing

The process of finding a path from sender to receiver in a network.

Path

A sequence of directly connected computing devices that begins at the sender and ends at the receiver.

Internet Protocol (IP)

A unique numerical identifier assigned to every device connected to the Internet, allowing devices to send and receive packets.

Domain Name System (DNS)

The system that turns website names into numbers that computers use to find those websites.

Subdomain

A smaller part of a main website, for example, 'mail.google.com' is a subdomain of 'google.com'.

Protocol

An agreed-upon set of rules that specify the behavior of a system.

Scalable

The ability of the Internet to handle more devices connecting to it without breaking down.

Scalability

The capacity of a system to expand and adapt to increasing demand.

Packets

Smaller chunks into which data is divided when transmitted on the Internet.

Metadata

Information included in a packet that typically contains source and destination IP addresses and port numbers.

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

A protocol that ensures reliable transmission of data packets over the Internet.

User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

A protocol used for transmitting data without establishing a connection, allowing for faster transmission.

IP addresses

Unique addresses assigned to all devices connected to the internet, allowing data to know where to go.

World Wide Web

A system of linked pages, programs, and files built on the infrastructure of the Internet.

Fault tolerance

The ability of a system to support failures and continue to function.

Redundancy

The inclusion of extra components that can be used to mitigate failure of a system if other components fail.

Digital divide

The gap between people who have easy access to digital technology and the internet and those who do not.

Limited internet access

A contributing factor to the digital divide, where certain areas do not have reliable internet connectivity.

Inadequate digital literacy education

A contributing factor to the digital divide, where individuals lack the skills to effectively use technology.

Economic disparities

A contributing factor to the digital divide, preventing access to technology and the internet for low-income individuals.

Expanding broadband infrastructure

An action to reduce the digital divide by improving internet access in underserved regions.

Implementing digital literacy programs

An action to reduce the digital divide by educating individuals on how to use technology effectively.

Offering affordable devices

An action to reduce the digital divide by providing low-cost technology options to low-income individuals and families.