citric acid regulation

malate aspartate shuttle

• nadh donates electrons to malate

• malate is transported into mitochondrial matrix

• malate turns into oxaloacetate reducing nad+

• oxaloacetate turns into alpha ketoglutarate

• alpha ketoglutarate transported into cytoplasm through antiporter

glycerol phosphate shuttle

• brown adipose

• each NADH converts into 1.5ATP

malate aspartate shuttle compared to glycerol phosphate shuttle

• more common

• more efficient

• 2.5 ATP for each NADH instead of 1.5

inhibition and activation of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex pdc

• high levels of acetylCoA inhibits E2

• high levels of NADH inhibits E3

• high levels of NAD+ actviates

allosteric regulation of pyruvate kinase

• pyruvate kinase is allosertically activated by fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

phosphorylation modulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase

• active form is non phosphorylated

• phosphorylation is done by PDK pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase adding phosphate to E1

• pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase removes the phosphate

• done by hormone signalling

enzymes which are important for decarboxylation in citric acid cycle

• isocitrate dehydrogenase

• alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

  • for decarboxylation in eukaryotes

  • citrate synthase in bacteria