HK 368 Exam 5

explain sea level

less than 500 m, no effects

explain low altitude

500-2000 m, performance may decrease then acclimize

explain moderate altitude

2000-3000 m, affects well being in unacclimized people, performance and aerobic capacity decrease

explain high altitude

3000-5500, mountain sickness, not restored by acclimation

extreme high altitude

above 5500 m, severe hypoxic effects

explain what happens to VO2 max when you have acute altitude

decrease as altitude increases past 1500m, due to decreased arterial PO2 and Q max, 8-11% drop per 1000 m of ascent

explain what happens to anaerobic performance at altitude change

unaffected, may increase performance because thinner air and less air resistance, sprints and jumps inreace in performance

explain pulmonary ventilation from acute altitude exposure

increases immediatly, decreased PO2 stimulates aortic arch and carotids, hyperventilation, TV increases for several hours

explain what happens when you start hyperventilating

alveolar PCO2 decreases, blowing off CO2 so alkalosis happens (high pH), oxyhemoglobin curve shifts left and the body has higher affinity for O2

what do the kidneys do when expose to acute altitude

excrete more bicarbonate, minimizes blood buffering capacity, reverses alkalosis so lowers blood pH

what happens to plasma volume when exposed to acute altitude

decreases within a few hours, respiratory water loss and increased urine production, short term increase in hematocrit

what happens to CO when acute altitude exposure

increases at rest and submaximal exercise, more O2 delivered to tissues per minute, increased sympathetic activity and HR, short term adaption

what happens to gas exhanged when acute altitude exposure

decreases at muscles due to lower PO2 gradient so O2 diffusion into muscles is reduced

pulmonary adaptions to acclimation

increased ventialtion at rest and submaximal exercise, 40% higher resting and 50% higher submaximal than at sea level

Explain what happens to the blood when body is acclimated

EPO release increases for 2-3 days, stimulates polycythemia, elevated RBC, more hemoglobin, the plasma volume is first lowered to stimulate high hematocrit and then it is lowered and polycythemia takes over to elevate hematorcrit

what happens to the muscle when acclimated

cross sectional area decreases and muscle mass decreases, capillary density increases

what happens to muscle metabolic potential when acclimated

decreases, mitochondrial function and glycolytic enzymes decrease, oxidative capacity decreases

Explain the proposed benefits, demonstrated effects, and risks of bicarbonate loading

proposed benefits: increased blood pH and buffering capactiy, delayed onset of anaerobic fatigute

Demonstrated effects: increase performance in 1-7 min, enhance H removal from muscles

Risks: GI issues

explain the proposed benefits, demonstrated effects, and risks of caffiene

Caffeine: central nervous system stimulant, adenosine receptor antagonist

Prop benefits: increased alertness/concentration/energy, faster response, delayed fatigue

Dem Effects: elevated mood, decreased fatigue, increase fat metabolism, decrease perception of effort

risks: nervousness, tremors, addiction, insomnia

Explain proposed benefits, demonstrated effects, and risks of creatine

Prop benefits: enhance peak power, improved recovery from high intensity exercise, enhanced muscle mass

dem effects: increased muscle PCr content, enhanced performance in high power exercise, strength gains

risks: short term weight gain

explain proposed benefits, demonstrated effects, and risks of nitrate

proposed benefits: increased delivery of O2 and nutrients to active muscle

dem effects: improved time to exhaustion, reduced O2 consumption, reduced systolic blood pressure

risks: opposite effects when taking meds that affect NO metabolism

what are the 3 criteria of anti doping code

has potential to enhance performance, has potential to harm athlete, violates spirit of sport

explain what anabolic steroids are, prop benefits, dem effects, dose threshold, and risks

anabolic androgenic

prop benefits: increase muscle mass/strength, reduced fat mass, facilitation of recovery after exhaustive exercise

dem effects: increase body mass/ffm, increase FFM markers, increase muscle strength, decrease muscle fiber damage

large chronic doses = effective

risks: smaller statue, men = more estrogen, large breasts, testicular atrophy, reduced sperm, impotence, women = male characteristics, affected menustration/ovulation, cancer prostate/liver, cardiac conditions, hypertentions, lower HDL and higher LDL, aggression/violence

explain blood doping, prop beneftis, dem effects, risks

any means by which RBC count is increased

benefits: enhance O2 carrying capacity, improved endurance performance

effects: increase VO2 max long term, increased endurance performance, benefits evident in 2nd half of race

risks: blood too viscous - heart failure, blood matching complications, blood borne diseases

explain how VO2 max is affect with age in sedentary and athletes

sedentary: 10% decline with every decade

active: steady decline from 25-75, 1% every year, men: 5-6% per decade

previously active: 15% decline per decade

explain how max HR changes with age

reduced, varies, same for active and sedentary

explain how SV changes with age

decreases due to decreased contractility (catecholamines) and decreased preload (LV stiffness) and increased afterload (arterial stiffening), attenuated by exercise

explain how VO2 max changes with age

decreased due to decreased Q max, more to HR than SV, attenuated by exercise

explain how peripheral blood flow changes with age

decreases due to increased vasoconstriction and decreased vasodilation, decreased function sympatholysis (weakening of sympathetic induced vasoconstriction), decreased flow compensated by increase aO2 difference during submaximal exercise

explain how body comp changes with age

increase fat, ffm decrease starting at at 40, decreased muscle and bone mass, sarcopenia (decreased protein synthesis), decrease growth hormone, resistance training highly treats these effects,

explain what happens to type 2 fiber loss with age

decrease in type 2 motor neurons, so type 1 neurons innervate old type 2 fibers and results in more type 1 fibers, training stops fiber type change

explain what happens to mitochondrial function with age

declines due to reduced mitochondrial protein synthesis, respiration, max rate of ATP production, all improved by exercise

what percentage of adults have at least 1 form of CVD

48%

how has CV disease changed since the 60s

decreased due to improved awareness and lifestyle changes, we have better/earlier diagnosis but still a major health concern

explain what coronary artery disease is

largest form of CV disease

progressive narrowing of coronary arteries due to fatty plaque formation, atherosclerosis, results in blood supply to myocardium being compromised and mycardial ischema (chest pain)

atherosclerosis can begin early in life by being what in childhood/teens and then what in 20s

fatty streaks then fibrous plaques

vessel walls are composed of what

tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia

explain tunica intima

endothelium, inner layer in contact with blood and produces agents to vasodilate when blood makes frictional force against blood vessel wall

tunica media

middle layer, smooth muscle cells and elastin, contractile element

tunica adventitia

outer layer composed of collagen

what does endothelial injury result from

high LDL, free radicals, hypertension, diabetes, high plasma homocytesine, infectious microorganisms

what does plaque consist of

smooth muscle cells, inflammatory cells, lipids, fibrous cap (thick or thin)

what happens when a fibrous cap is thin

more unstable and more likely to rupture, when rupture - thombrous formation

unctonrollable and controllable risk factors for CAD

uncontrollable - heredity, race (black), male>females, age

controllable - smoke, hypertension, abnormal blood lipid profile, physical inactivity, obese/overweight, diabetes/insulin resistance

explain hypertension

high blood pressure when systolic is above 130, and diastolic is above 80, 46% of adult population has this, heart has to work harder to eject blood, greater strain on arteries, leads to atherosclerosis, more common in blacks

controllable risk factors of hypertension

insulin resistance, obese, diet, tobacco, oral contraceptives, stress, physcial inactvitiy

explain ischemic stroke

most common, o2 delivery to brain obstructed by cerebral artery, cerebral thrombrosis/embolism, FAST

hemorrhagic stroke

intracebral or subarachnoid hemorrhage, rupture of vessel in brain, result of anaurism

strokes in right brain

vision problems/memory loss, quick behavior

strokes in left brain

speech/language problems, memory loss, slow cautious behavior

explain heart failure

chronic progressive weakening of heart, edema/pulmonary edema, hypertension is a major contributor, heart transplant may be required

HFrEF

reduced ejection fraction, myocardium thin, myocardium fractions

HFpEF

preserved ejection fraction, myocardium thick, older obese/diabetic women