Chapter 8: The Appendicular Skeleton

appendicular skeleton

126 bones in total

limb bones, pectoral girdle, and pelvic girdle

sternum (clavicle articulates with manubrium)

the only connection between the pectoral girdle and the axial skeleton is at the _____________

sternal end

Name this specific part of the clavicle. articulates with manubrium.

acromial end

Name this specific part of the clavicle. articulates with a process of the scapula.

scapular borders

1. superior border

2. medial border (vertebral)

3. lateral border (axillary)

scapular angles

1. superior angle

2. inferior angle

3. lateral angle (head)

glenoid cavity

Name this specific part of the scapula.

Where the scapula articulates with the humerus.

The shoulder joint (glenohumeral joint).

subscapular fossa

Name this specific part of the scapula.

Depression on anterior surface of scapula.

coracoid process

Name this specific part of the scapula.

Scapular process superior to the head of the humerus.

Anterior.

acromion

Name this specific part of the scapula.

Scapular process superior to the head of the humerus.

Posterior.

Articulates with clavicle at ACROMIOCLAVICULAR JOINT.

scapular spine

What structure is highlighted?

ridge that crosses the posterior surface of the scapular body which divides the posterior surface into two regions

supraspinous fossa

Name this specific area of the scapula.

infraspinous fossa

Name this specific area of the scapula.

arm (brachium)

in anatomy, the upper limb from shoulder to elbow only

forearm (antebrachium)

in anatomy, the upper limb from elbow to wrist only

greater tubercle

Name this specific part of the humerus.

lesser tubercle

Name this specific part of the humerus.

intertubercular groove (intertubercular sulcus)

separates the lesser tubercle from the greater one

anatomical neck (humerus)

What structure is highlighted?

Lies between the two tubercles and the articular surface of the head

surgical neck (humerus)

What structure is highlighted?

corresponds to metaphysis of the growing bone...fractures typically occur here

metaphysis

where diaphysis and epiphysis meet

deltoid tuberosity

Name this specific part of the humerus.

Attachment point of deltoid muscle, on lateral surface of diaphysis

radial groove

Name this specific part of the humerus.

Marks the path of the radial nerve. On posterior surface.

epicondyles (humerus)

Processes that develop proximal to an articulation, provide additional surface area for muscle attachment.

In humerus, rough projections on either side (medial and lateral) of the distal end of the humerus that attach to the tendons of most forearm muscles.

ulnar nerve

crosses the posterior surface of the medial epicondyle

AKA the "funny bone"

condyle (humerus)

articulates with the ulna and radius

has two articular faces the trochlea (spool-shaped, medial portion) and the capitulum (rounded, lateral portion)

coronoid fossa (humerus)

anterior depression that receives the coronoid process of the ulna when forearm is flexed.

olecranon fossa (humerus)

large distal posterior depression that accommodates the olecranon of the ulna

radial fossa (humerus)

anterior depression that receives the radial head with flexed forearm

ulna

in the anatomical position, this antebrachial bone lies medially

radius

in the anatomical position, this antebrachial bone lies laterally

olecranon (ulna)

The superior end of the ulna, the point of the elbow

trochlear notch (ulna)

on the anterior surface of the ulna's proximal ephysis

articulates with trochlea of humerus

basically it's the anterior surface of the olecranon

coronoid process (ulna)

name this part of the ulna

fits into the coronoid fossa of the humerus

flexion

Decreases the angle of a joint

extension

increases the angle of a joint

radial notch (ulna)

Name this specific part of the ulna.

Articulates with the head of the radius at the RADIOULNAR joint

interossesous membrane (antebrachium)

fibrous sheet connecting the lateral margin of the ulna to the radius

ulnar head

ulnar structure with a prominent styloid process

the ARTICULAR DISC attaches to the styloid process

distal radioulnar joint

head of ulna articulates with ulnar notch of radius; joins ulna and radius distally

radial head

name this structure of the radius

articulates with capitulum of humerus

radial tuberosity

Name this specific part of the radius.

This tuberosity is an attachment site of the biceps brachii muscle

ulnar notch (radius)

articulates with the head of the ulna

medial surface of the distal end of the radius

carpus

the eight carpal bones of the wrist, forms two rows

proximal carpal bones

the proximal row of carpal bones (SLTP) (SCALUTRIPI):

1. scaphoid

2. lunate

3. triquetrum

4. pisiform

distal carpal bones

the distal row of carpal bones (TTCH) (TRAPCAHA):

1. trapezium

2. trapezoid

3. capitate

4. hamate

scaphoid

"skaphe, boat"

name this proximal carpal bone

the lateral bone of the proximal row

lunate

"luna, moon"

name this proximal carpal bone

the middle bone of the proximal row

triquetrum

"triquetrus, three-cornered"

name this proximal carpal bone

the pisiform sits anterior on this bone

the medial bone of the proximal row

pisiform

"pisum, pea"

name this proximal carpal bone

sits anterior on the triquetrum

trapezium

"trapezion, four-sided"

name this distal carpal bone

the lateral bone of the distal row

trapezoid

name this distal carpal bone

lies medial to the trapezium

capitate

"caput, head"

name this distal carpal bone

largest carpal bone

sits between trapezoid and hamate

hamate

"hamatum, hooked"

name this distal carpal bone

the most medial distal carpal bone

metacarpus

Bones of the palm of the hand; parts of the hand containing five bones between the carpus and phalanges.

Typically numbered with roman I-V

metacarpal I articulates with the pollex

phalanges (hand)

finger bones (14 total)

pollex has 2 (medial and distal)

other phalanges have 3 (proximal, middle, and distal)

pelvic girdle

consists of 2 bones, the paired hip bones (coxal bones)

coxal bone

consists of 3 fused bones

1. ilium

2. ischium

3. pubis

ilium

Name this specific region of the pelvic bone.

articulates with the sacrum

ischium

Name this specific region of the pelvic bone.

lies posterior to the anterior projecting pubis

pubis

Name this specific region of the pelvic bone.

the two hip bones articulate with each other via the pubic symphysis (between the two pubises)

projects anterior to the posterior angled ischium

acetabelum

concave socket on the lateral surface of each hip bone, articulates with the head of the femur

lunate surface

smooth, cup shaped articular surface of the acetabelum

greater sciatic notch

allows blood vessels and the large sciatic nerve to pass from the pelvis posteriorly into the thigh

ischial spine

located superior to the ischial tuberosity and projects medially into the pelvic cavity

ischial ramus

narrow portion of the ischium that articulates with the inferior ramus of the pubis

superior ramus (pubis)

Name this specific region of the pelvic bone.

inferior ramus

located between ischial ramus and superior ramus

obturator foramen

opening in hip bone formed by the pubic and ischial rami

sacroiliac joint

The connection point between the pelvis and the vertebral column.

The ilium articulates with the sacrum.

arcuate line

Name this specific region of the pelvic bone.

true pelvis (lesser pelvis)

surrounded by bone and lies inferior to flaring parts of the ilia; passage for infant at birth in women

encloses the pelvic cavity

false pelvis (greater pelvis)

superior to the true pelvis; it is the area medial to the flaring portions of the ilia

the blades of the ilium superior to the arcuate line

female vs. male (pelvis)

female has wider hips - broader false pelvis

female has wider pelvic brim

pubic arch is obtuse (u-shaped) in female, acute (v-shaped) in males

true pelvis is shallower and wider in female

female has a wider pelvic outlet

Female pelvis- smoother & lighter

Less prominent muscle & ligament attachments

Modifications for childbearing

enlarged pelvic outlet, broad pubic angle

less curvature of sacrum and coccyx

wide, circular pelvic inlet

lower limb

1. femur

2. patella

3. tibia

4. fibula

5. foot

leg

distal portion of the lower extremity

thigh

The proximal portion of the lower extremity; the portion lying between the hip joint and knee.

femur

thigh bone; longest and heaviest bone in the body

articulates with the pelvis at the acetabelum

fovea capitis (femur)

pit in the head of a femur, where the femur articulates with the acetabelum

trochanters (femur)

greater and lesser on proximal shaft; Greater lateral to neck and larger, Lesser inferior and posterior to neck; Attachments for muscles that fasten lower extremites to hip; Greater/muscles form bulge that is seen as widest part of hips

linea aspera

Name this specific part of the femur.

rough ridge that runs along posterior of femur

attachment site for hip muscles

epicondyles (femur)

medial and lateral; located proximally to condyles; ligament attachment;

condyles (femur)

medial and lateral; located inferior to epicondyles of femur; part of the knee joint

patella

large, sesamoid bone that forms within the tendon of the quadriceps femoris

direction of movement is superior-inferior (up and down)

patellar base

Broad, superior portion (round side) of patella

patellar apex

Pointed inferior part of patella

Rough surface is point of attachment for patellar tendon

tibia

"shinbone"; large medial bone of the leg

tibial tuberosity

Name this specific part of the tibia.

fibula

calf bone; does not transfer weight to ankle and foot

does not articulate with femur

but it is an important site for muscle attachments that move the foot and toes

interosseous membrane of leg

sheet of dense connective tissue that unites the shafts of the tibia and fibula bones

lateral malleolus

distal end of fibula; a fibular process that extends lateral to the ankle joint

gives lateral stability to the ankle

medial malleolus

distal process on medial tibial surface, gives the ankle medial support

tarsus

ankle; consists of 7 tarsal bones

talus

Name this specific bone of the foot.

articulates with the tibia across the trochlea

calcaneus

heel bone

calcaneal tendon

achilles tendon, attaches at posterior of calcaneus

cuboid

Name this specific bone of the foot.

anterior to the calcaneus

navicular

Name this specific bone of the foot.

anterior to the talus

cuneiform bones

row of three bones distal to the calcaneus/talus

medial, intermediate, lateral

metatarsus (metatarsal bones)

5 long bones that form the distal portion of the foot

identified by roman I-V

metatarsals I-III articulate with cuneiforms

metatarsals IV-V articulate with cuboid

metatarsal I is most medial