Final and Keystone

Testable question

Question that can be answered with data from an experiment

independant variable

the thing that will be changed in each experiment

Dependent variable

The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the other experiments

Controlled variables

All those things that must be kept the same during the investigation to produce a valid, fair test.

Control experiment

variable is left unaltered

Experimental Setup

performing an experimental activity after changing the manipulated variable

Proton

positively charged particle

Neutron

no charge

Electron

negatively charged particle

Valance electron

the number of electrons in the outermost energy level

orbital

location of an electron outside the atom

atom

Smallest particle of an element, basic building block of everything

covalent bond

sharing electron

Ionic bond

transferring electron

atomic mass

Number of protons and neutrons

atomic number

number of protons

Line of metals to nonmetals

B diagonal right (NOT ONES ON THE LINE)

Metals side

left

Nonmetals side

right

H metal or nonmetal

nonmetal

How to see valance electrons number

# of column on periodic table

metal and a non-metal bond

ionic

two non metal bond

covalent

two metals bond

metallic

Hooke

identified dead cells and named them

Leeuwenhoek

Invented the microscope, first to observe living cells

Schleiden

concluded plants are made of cells

Schwann

concluded all living things are made of cells

Virchow

All cells come from other cells

Three parts of cell theory

1. Cells are the basic unit of life

2. All living things are made of cells, which contain structures needed for functions of life

3. Cells come from pre-existing cells

Relationship between surface area and volume

volume increases faster than surface area

Why are almost all cells microscopic

Nutrients and other materials need to get in and out fast

Ways cells increase surface area to volume ratio

Folding, being thin like hair follicles, or have a spherical shape

Chloroplast

organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy

Endoplasmic Recticulum (ER)

interconnected network of thin, folded membranes that produce, process, and distribute proteins

endosymbiosis

theory that chloroplasts and mitocondria were once their own cells but were then engulfed by bigger cells and can no longer live on their own.

golgi aparatus

a stack of membranes that collects, modifies, and packages protiens

Mitocondrion

Cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use. Animals, plants, fungi have them

nucleus

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

organelles

A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell

Plastids

any of a class of small organelles, such as chloroplasts, in the cytoplasm of plant cells, containing pigment or food.

ribosome

where proteins are synthesized. they are not surrounded by a membrane and are found scattered in the cytoplasm

Lysosomes

Uses chemicals to break down food and worn out cell parts

peroxisomes

Break down fatty acids and produce hydrogen peroxide

Vacuoles

Stores food, water, wastes, and other materials

chromoplasts

type of plastid that stores pigments that are responsible for the bright colors in fruit and flowers

Leucoplasts

colorless organelles that store starches or oils

cytoskeleton contains

microfilaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules

Phospholipids function

to protect the cell by blocking certain substances from getting in

phospholipids structure

glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate group, hydrophobic tail hydrophilic head.

plasma membrane

A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer forming the boundary of the cells

impermeable

not permitting passage

intracellular

within the cell

extracellular

outside the cell

concentration

The spread of something over a given area.

concentration gradient

difference in the concentration of a substance from one location to another

passive transport

Requires NO energy, Movement of molecules from high to low concentration, Moves with the concentration gradient

active transport

Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference

diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

facilitated diffusion

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels always HL

osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

carrier protein

facilitates the diffusion of different molecules through a membrane in one direction (revolving door)

pump protein

protein in membrane that uses ATP to "force" molecules across

endocytosis

the taking in of matter by a living cell by invagination of its membrane to form a vacuole.

exocytosis

Process by which a cell releases large amounts of material

Chloresterol

In between phospholipids, regulates stiffness of membrane

integral vs peripheral proteins

Integral proteins penetrate the hydrophobic core where as Peripheral bind to the surface of the membrane

glycoprotein

marker protien

qualities that determine if a substance will pass through a semipermiable membrane

size (small), charge(no charge) and polarity (nonpolar)

catabolism

Metabolic pathways that break down molecules, releasing energy.

anabolism

Metabolic pathways that construct molecules, requiring energy.

Heterotrophs vs Autotrophs

Autotrophs have the ability to synthesize light or other factors in their enviroment to produce useable energy while heterotrophs do not. Heterotrophs rely on the consumption of other organisms to then synthesize energy from for ATP.

Chemoheterotrophs

consumes organic molecules for both energy and carbon.

Photoheterotrophs

light for energy and carbon from consumption

Photoautotrophs

use light as energy source and CO2 as carbon source

Chemoautotrophs

energy from inorganic compounds; carbon from CO2

Aerobes

require oxygen

anaerobes

No oxygen needed

ATP structure to function

The three phosphates repel each other therefore withholding potential energy

ADP-ATP

phosphorylation (adding a phosphate)

What was thought to be the hereditary molocule

protiens

Miecher

nuclien (dna)

Griffith

discovered bacterial transformation

Avery

DNA caused transformation

Hershey and Chase

DNA is the genetic material, not protiens

Chargaff

base pairing rules A=T and C=G

Watson and Crick

Developed the double helix model of DNA.

Franklin and Williams

X-ray diffraction on DNA crystals, determined helical shape of DNA

Purine

Adenine and Guanine, 2 rings

Pyrimidines

Cytosine and Thymine, 1 ring

AT has _ hydrogen bonds

2

GC has _ hydrogen bonds

3

helicase

enzyme that breaks hydrogen bonds to separate the dna strands at a replication fork

DNA replication is

semi-conservative

Result of DNA replication

two identical DNA molecules

Primase

An enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make the primer.

SSBP

single stranded binding proteins that help keep the DNA uncoiled

DNA polymerase

adds complimentary bases to exposed strands and fills in DNA bases after primers are removed from lagging strand

RNAase

removes RNA primer

Ligase

An enzyme that connects two fragments of DNA to make a single fragment after removing the RNA primers