Ap human unit 1 - 3 vocab review

All vocab (some known, others unfamiliar)

Absolute direction

A specific compass direction, such as north, south, east, or west, used to indicate a precise location or orientation on the Earth's surface.

Absolute distance

The exact physical distance between two points or locations

Absolute location

A specific, fixed point on the Earth’s surface

Area distortion

The misrepresentation of the relative sizes of geographic areas on a map compared to their actual sizes on Earth.

Census data

Systematic collection of demographic, social, and economic information about a population

Clustering

To become a cluster or a close group; congregate

Direction distortion

The misrepresentation of direction on a map when the curved surface of the Earth is projected onto a flat surface

Dispersal

The action or process of distribution things or people over a wide area

Distance decay

The interaction between two places/people decrease as the distance between them increases

Distance distortion

misrepresentations that occur when translating three-dimensional geographic features onto two-dimensional maps

Elevation

The height of a geographical location above a reference point

Environmental determinism

The belief that the physical environment determines human culture and societal development patterns

Formal region

An area in which most people share in one or more distinctive characteristics

Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

A computer system that captures, stores, queries, and displays geographic data

Geographical data

Information that is tied to a specific location on Earth

Geospatial data

Information associated with a specific location on the Earth’s surface, often represented in geographic coordinates

Global scale

The analysis of data or geographic phenomena across the entire planet

Local scale

The analysis of data or geographic phenomena typically ranging from a few meters to a few kilometers

Map projection

A systematic method of representing the Earth’s curved surface on a flat plane

Map distortion

The inaccuracies that occur when representing the three-dimensional surface of the Earth on a two-dimensional map

National scale

The analysis of data or geographic phenomena at the level of an entire nation

Pattern

The non-random observable spatial arrangement or distribution of phenomena on Earth’s surface

Vernacular region (perceptual)

A geographical area that is based on people’s perceptions and feelings (cultural identity, language, and historical experiences)

Place

A specific location characterized by its unique physical and human attributes

Possibilism

A geographical theory that posits that the environment offers various possibilities for human activities

Reference maps

A type of map that accurately displays general information about geographic locations

Regional analysis

The study of specific areas to understand their unique characteristics, patterns, and the interactions of various physical, social, and economic factors

Regional scale

The level of analysis that focuses on specific areas or regions

Relative direction

The orientation of a place in relation to other places or landmarks

Relative distance

The measure of distance that considers social, cultural, economic, and political relationships between places/people rather than just the physical space separating them

Relative location

The relationship between a location and its surroundings

Remote sensing

The science of obtaining the physical properties of an area without being there

Satellite imagery

Images of the Earth’s surface captured by satellites

Satellite navigation system (GPS)

A technology that allows users to determine their precise location anywhere on Earth using signals from satellites

Shape distortion

The alteration of the actual shape of geographic features on a map when converting a three-dimensional globe into a two-dimensional flat surface

Space

physical distance and arrangement of objects and places on Earth

Sustainability

The ability of an area or system to support present and future generations without compromising environmental, societal, or economic health

Thematic maps

Type of map that portrays the geographic pattern of a particular subject matter (theme) in a geographic area

Time-space compression

The phenomenon where the advancements in technology and communication reduce the perceived distance between people/places

Aging population

A demographic trend where the proportion of older individuals within a population increases (often due to declining birth rates and higher life expectancy)

Agricultural population density

The ratio of farmers to arable land

Anti Natalist population policies

Discouraging population growth and reduce birth rates

Arithmetic population density

The ratio of total people to total land area

Boserup theory

Posits that population growth drives agricultural innovation and intensification (suggesting that societies adapt their agriculture practices to meet increasing food demands)

Carrying capacity

The number of people a place (town, city, or country)

Crude birth rate (CBR)

The number of live births in a given year per 1,000 people in the mid-year population

Crude death rate (CDR)

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people in a population

Contraception

The practice of controlling the number and spacing of children through various methods to manage reproductive health

Demographic transition model (DTM)

A theoretical framework that describes the transition of a country’s population from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as it develops economically

Dependency ratio

The ratio of dependents (people who rely on others for support, typically those aged below 15 and above 64)

Ehrlich theory

There is a finite optimum population size in relation to food supply

Epidemiological transition model (ETM)

Fertility

Infant Mortality rate (IMR)

Life expectancy

Malthusian theory

Mortality

Neo-Malthusians

Physiological population density

Population density

Population-doubling time

Population Pyramids

Pro Natalist population policies

Rate of natural increase

Sex ratio

Total fertility rate (TFR)

Migration

Asylum seekers

An individual seeking international protection

Chain migration

A process in which a legal immigrant, who has become a naturalized citizen, sponsors a family member to immigrate to the country

Forced migration

The migrate has no choice but to migrate

Guest worker

A migrate who may temporarily migrate to a new country for work or for educational reasons

Internal migration

Permanent move within a country

internally displaced persons

An individual who had been forced to flee from their home in order to avoid the effects of armed conflicts, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights, or natural or human made disasters, but have not crossed an internationally recognized state border

Interregional mirgation

Migration that involves a permanent move from one region of a country to another region of the same country

Intervening opportunities

Positive situations or events that hinder migration and end up preventing migrants from reaching their final destination

Intervening obstacles

Negative situations or events that hinder migration and end up preventing migrants from reaching their final destination

Intraregional migration

Migration that involves a permanent move within the same region

Push factors

Negative situations, conditions, events, and factors that make people want to leave a geographic location

Pull factors

Positive situations, conditions, events, and factors that make people want to move to a geographic location

Ravenstein’s laws of migration

Refugees

An individual who has been forced to leave their home country and has crossed an international boarder in order to escape war, persecution, and/or natural disasters

Rural-to-urban migration

Movement of people from rural settlement to urban settlements

Slavery

Step migration

Migration that happens in stages (Making stops along the way)

Transhumance

Migration that is cyclical and revolves around the seasonal movement of livestock

Transnational migration

A migrate emigrated from their home country to another country but remains connected to their original country

Voluntary migrations

People are choosing to leave their current location of their own free will

Acculturation

Animism

Assimilation

Branches of Christianity

Buddhism

Caste system

Centrifugal forces

Centripetal forces

Christianity

Commodification

Confucianism

Contagious diffusion

Creolization/Creolized languages