glycolysis

step 1

glucose receives phosphate group from ATP, producing glucose-6-phosphate

Phosphorylation reaction

enzyme: hexokinase- breaks down ADP-ATP

step 2

glucose-6-phosphate is rearranged into its isomer, fructose-6-phosphate

isomerisation reaction

enzyme: phosphoglucomutase- change shape

step 3

another phosphate group derived from ATP is attached to fructose-6-phosphate, producing fructose-1,6-biphosphate

Phosphorylation reaction

enzyme: PHOSPHOFRUCTOKINASE 

step 4 

fructose-1,6-biphosphate is split into G3P and DHAP- different shape because it is not chemically possibleteos

Lysis Reaction

enzyme: aldolase 

step 5

DHAP produced in reaction 4 → G3P, therefore there is now 2 G3P molecules per molecule of glucose. 

Isomerisation Reaction

enzyme: triosephosphateisomerase

step 6 

2 electrons and 2 protons are removed from G3P. some energy released in this reaction is trapped by addition of an inorganic phosphate group from cytosol. electrons are accepted by NAD+ along with 1 proton, other released into cytosol. (2) this forms 1,3-biphophoglycerate

redox reaction 

enzyme: triosephophate dehydrogenase

step 7

one of two phosphate groups o 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate is transferred to ADP→ATP (2)

Substrate level phosphorylation

enzyme: phosphoglycerate kinase 

step 8

3-phosphoglycerate is rearranged, shifting the phosphate group from the 3-carbon to the 2-carbon to produce 2-phosphoglycerate (2)

Mutase reaction

enzyme: phosphoglucomutase

step 9

electrons are removed from one part of 2-phosphoglycerate and delivered to another part of molecule, most of energy lost by electrons is retained in PEP. there is also a loss of water (2)

Dehydration reaction

enzyme: enolase

step 10

remaining phosphate group is removed from PEP and transferred to ADP→ATP, and final product is pyruvate (2) 

Substrate level phosphorylation reaction

enzyme: pyruvate kinase

what reaction are part of the energy investment phase and why

1-5, they use up 2 ATP→ ADP+Pi to break glucose down

what reaction are part of the energy payoff phase and why

6-10, they produce a total of 4 ATP but net total of 2 ATP