exam 3 electrolytes + memory teks

 Strong electrolyte

 A substance that breaks into ions completely in water.

 Weak electrolyte

A substance that breaks into ions only a little in water.

Nonelectrolyte

A substance that does not break into ions in water.

c

Strong = all, weak = some, none = none.

Why salts are strong electrolytes

Salts split into ions completely in water.

 Memory trick for salts

 Salts split = strong.

Example of a salt

NaCl.

NaNO3 classification

Strong electrolyte.

Why NaNO3 is a strong electrolyte

It is a salt that fully breaks into Na⁺ and NO₃⁻.

Why alcohols are nonelectrolytes

Alcohols stay whole in water and do not form ions.

Memory trick for alcohols

Alcohol stays together.

 Example of an alcohol

 CH3OH.

CH3OH classification

Nonelectrolyte.

Why NH3 is a weak electrolyte

It reacts with water only a little to form NH4⁺ and OH⁻.

 Memory trick for NH3

Ammonia = a little ion action.

 NH3 classification

Weak electrolyte.

Strong electrolyte examples

Salts, strong acids, strong bases.

 Weak electrolyte examples

Weak acids and weak bases like NH3.

Nonelectrolyte examples

Alcohols, sugars, covalent molecules.

 How to identify a strong electrolyte

Look for salts or strong acids/bases that fully split.

How to identify a weak electrolyte

 Look for weak acids or weak bases that partially split.

 How to identify a nonelectrolyte

 Molecules that stay whole in water, like alcohols and sugars.

 What are macronutrients?

Nutrients needed in large amounts that provide calories: carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.

Energy content of carbohydrates

4 calories per gram.

Energy content of proteins

 4 calories per gram.

Energy content of lipids

9 calories per gram.

What are the monomers of carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides.

What are the monomers of proteins?

 Amino acids.

What are the monomers of lipids?

Fatty acids and glycerol.

 Main function of carbohydrates

Primary energy source for the body; only fuel the nervous system can use.

Simple carbohydrates

Short chains of 1–2 sugars; digested quickly; raise blood sugar rapidly.

Examples of simple carbohydrates

Glucose, fructose, sucrose.

Complex carbohydrates

Long chains of sugars; digested slowly; provide sustained energy.

Examples of complex carbohydrates

Starch, glycogen, fiber

What is fiber?

A carbohydrate that cannot be digested and provides no calories.

Glycemic Index (GI)

A scale that measures how quickly a carbohydrate raises blood sugar.

High GI foods

 Foods that cause rapid blood sugar spikes.

Low GI foods

Foods that raise blood sugar slowly; healthier for diabetics.

lycemic Load (GL) formula

 GL = (GI × carbs per serving) ÷ 100.

 Best carbohydrate choices for diabetics

 Low GI, high fiber, minimally processed foods.

Why does the body maintain blood glucose levels?

 The brain requires glucose as its only fuel source.

What are lipids?

 Non‑polar molecules including triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols.

Function of triglycerides

 Long‑term energy storage.

Function of phospholipids

 Form cell membranes.

 Function of cholesterol

 Maintains membrane integrity and is used to make steroid hormones.

Why are lipids important?

 Energy storage, hormone production, vitamin absorption, insulation, organ protection.

When does the body primarily burn fat?

During low or moderate activity and long‑duration exercise.

 Saturated fats

 Solid at room temperature; found in animal products; can raise LDL.

 Unsaturated fats

Liquid at room temperature; found in plants and fish; heart‑healthy.

Trans fats

Artificial fats created by hydrogenation; increase LDL and decrease HDL; harmful to health.

HDL cholesterol

 “Good” cholesterol that removes cholesterol from arteries.

LDL cholesterol

“Bad” cholesterol that deposits cholesterol in arteries.

 What are proteins?

Chains of amino acids folded into a 3D shape that determines function.

 Main functions of proteins

 Enzymes, hormones, transport, receptors, structure, muscle, immune function.

 Essential amino acids

Amino acids that must be obtained from the diet.

Non‑essential amino acids

Amino acids the body can synthesize.

 Polypeptide

 A chain of amino acids before folding into a protein.

Why is protein shape important?

The shape determines the protein’s function.

PDCAAS

Protein Digestibility‑Corrected Amino Acid Score; measures protein quality.

 What is a good PDCAAS score?

1.0 (high quality protein).

Examples of high PDCAAS foods

Eggs, whey protein, soy.

 Complementary proteins

Two foods that together provide all essential amino acids.

 Example of complementary proteins

Rice and beans.

Ghrelin

Hormone that increases hunger.

 Leptin

Hormone that decreases hunger; released by fat cells.

Three main classes of lipids

Triglycerides, phospholipids, sterols.

 Function of sterols

Form hormones and maintain membrane structure.

Example of low GI foods

 Beans, whole grains, berries, vegetables.

Example of high GI foods

White bread, sugary drinks, candy.

Example of unsaturated fats

 Olive oil, avocados, salmon.

Example of saturated fats

Butter, cheese, red meat.