Urinary Calculi Practice Flashcards

A set of vocabulary flashcards covering the pathophysiology, causes, clinical manifestations, treatments, and prevention of urinary calculi based on lecture notes.

Urinary Calculi

Refers to the presence of stones in the urinary system, formed by the crystallization of substances excreted in the urine.

Calcium Oxalate Crystals

The composition of most stones, accounting for approximately $75\%$ of cases.

Peak Age of Onset

The typical age range for the onset of urinary stones, occurring between ages $20$ and $40$.

Hyperparathyroidism

A condition that can cause hypocalcemia and hypercalciuria, leading to the development of stones.

Cystinuria

A genetic disorder that creates a predisposition for urolithiasis.

Renal Colic

Pain produced by an increase in hydrostatic pressure and distention of the renal pelvis and proximal ureter caused by renal stones.

Ureteral Colic

Symptoms or obstruction produced as large ureteral stones pass down the ureter.

Alpha Blockers

A type of medication used in the treatment of small stones with minimal symptoms.

Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL)

A closed procedure involving a water-filled cushion through which shock waves are sent to pulverize stones for passage during urination.

Nephrectomy

An open surgical procedure involving the partial or total removal of a kidney.

Pyelolithotomy

An open surgical procedure to remove a stone from the renal pelvis.

Ureterolithotomy

An open surgical procedure to remove a stone from the ureter.

Oliguria

A condition of decreased urine output that must be reported during nursing intervention.

Anuria

The absence of urine production, which should be reported if it occurs in patients with urinary calculi.

Thiazide Diuretics

Medications used to prevent recurrent calcium stone formation by reducing calcium excretion.

Allopurinol

A medication used to reduce uric acid concentration in patients prone to uric acid stone formation.

Purines

Substances found in diet that, when metabolized abnormally or consumed in excess, contribute to hyperuricemia and uric acid stones.