BIO 221 Zoology Exam 1 Answers Murray State University

How old is life on Earth?

3.5-3.8 billion years old

There are prokaryotes that belong to kingdom Animalia. T or F?

F

All living organisms share the same structure of DNA, genetic code, use ATP, reproduce in the same way, and share 355 genes with each other. T or F?

F

What are the gills of sharks and water beetles?

Homoplasy

What is the evolutionary pattern shown in the right graph called and which of the two graphs shows sudden morphological changes? There is no partial credit.

Gradualism and left graph shows sudden change, punctuated equilibrium

The numbers on this phylogeny indicate homologous morphological structures. Which structures are shared between the Emu and the Kiwi? There is no partial credit.

1, 2

Which of the following examples represent microevolution? There is no partial credit.

1.) A population of predators evolves better hearing over time to detect their prey.

2.) The striped pattern of zebras evolved from an ancestor without stripes.

3.) Birds evolved from a particular group of dinosaurs.

4.) Whales evolved from a land-living mammal ancestors.

5.) Regional differences in parental care of young in earwigs.

1, 2, 5

What grade are Cnidaria?

Cell-tissue grade

What body symmetry does your body have?

Bilateral

Is the hip distal or proximal to the knee?

proximal

Are your toes distal or proximate to your ankle?

distal

What is the plane that the butcher cut this cow in half?

Sagittal plane

How many types of tissue/germ layers do Porifera have?

0

Below is a cross-section of an animal. What is the coelom of this animal? Each color represents a different germ layer.

Pseudocoelom

Animals of which phylum have an acoelom?

Platyhelminthes

What is a deuterostome?

An animal whose blastopore develops into the anus

Which germ layer develops into the lining of the gut?

Endoderm

Which germ layers does a diploblastic animal have?

Ectoderm and endoderm

Going from higher (domain) to lower taxonomic rank (species), which rank follows 'order'?

Family

What is the correct species name of the cricket 'Teleogryllus oceanicus'?

Teleogryllus oceanicus

What are the symplesiomorphy/symplesiomorphies of the clade containing the lizard, horse, and monkey relative to the other animals shown? There is no partial credit.

Vertebrae, jaws, notochord

What is the grouping called that is outlined by the blue color coding?

Paraphyly

What structures do Ciliophora, such as Paramecium, use to move?

Cilia

What disease does Plasmodium cause?

Malaria

What is the vector for Plasmodium?

Mosquito

Which disease does Trypanosoma cruzi cause?

Chagas disease

Can Euglena reproduce sexually and if so, how is it called? No partial credit.

Yes, conjugation

Are amoeba prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

Eukaryotes

Is the surface area to volume ratio getting bigger or smaller in larger cells?

smaller

What is the sequence from most to least efficient canal system in Porifera?

Leuconoid-Syconoid-Asconoid

Which cell type is responsible for acquiring food in Porifera?

Choanocytes

What does dioecious mean?

An individual has either male or female reproductive organs/can produce male or female gametes.

Which germ layer(s) do Cnidarians have?

Endoderm and Ectoderm

What is the cell(!) type called that give the Cnidaria their name?

Cnidocyte

Do cnidaria have tissues?

Yes

Which life stage in Anthozoa reproduces sexually?

Polyp

Is strobilation in Cnidaria a sexual or asexual process?

Asexual

What is the body cavity of adult Cnidaria polyps called?

Gastrovascular cavity

Which of the phyla is triploblastic?

Platyhelminthes

Which clade of organisms is divided into Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa?

Protostomia

Which type of coelom do Turbellaria have?

Acoelom

Which class of the Platyhelminthes is typically not parasitic?

Turbellaria

Which class of the Platyhelminthes does not have a digestive tract?

Cestoda

Who is the intermediate host of Taenia saginata?

Cattle (e.g. cow)

Through which opening does water leave a member of Porifera?

osculum

How old is Earth?

4.5 billion years old

What are the 10 properties of life?

1.Chemical uniqueness

2.Movement

3.Development

4.Environmental interaction

5.Metabolism

6.Possession of genetic program: DNA

7.Reproduction

8.Unique complexity and hierarchical organization

9.Populations of living organisms can evolve over time

10.All living organisms are made up of one or more cells

What are the levels of organism?

Macromolecules

Cells

Tissues

Organs

Organisms

Populations

Communities

Animals originated in Precambrian seas over ___ million years ago.

600

What are three shared traits of animals?

Eukaryotes: cells contain membrane-enclosed nuclei

Multicellular: composed of many cells with specific structures and functions

Heterotrophs: Not capable of manufacturing their own food and must rely on external food sources

Whose theory of evolution includes a change in characteristics of a population that occurs over the course of generations?

Darwinism

What was Darwin's first theory of evolution?

Living world is always changing and changes are passed on through heredity

What was Darwin's second theory of evolution?

Theory 2: Common descent, all life has descended from one ancestor (LUCA)

What is the tree that all life can be depicted on called?

Phylogeny

What are similarities attributable to common origin, i.e., similarities between (groups of) organisms are explained by a shared common ancestor who passed the trait on?

Homology

What are shared traits indicate evolutionary relationships between organisms?

Homology

What are the appendages of a human, bat, porpoise, horse, and frog all called due to their common ancestry?

Homologous structures

Shared sequences of nucleotides (DNA,RNA) or amino acids (protein) due to shared ancestry is called...

Sequence homology

___ is evolution of similar structures in unrelated organisms with similar lifestyle. This results in ___.

Convergence; Homoplasy

Although they are all used for the same purpose, the wings of the bat, bird, and an insect are all a result of ___.

Homoplasy

Structures that result as a product of convergent evolution are called...

Analogous structures

What is Darwin's third theory of evolution?

Multiplication of species over time

What does Darwin's fourth theory of evolution include?

Gradualism and Punctuated Equilibrium

What is the difference between micro- and macro- evolution?

micro- involves changes in allele frequencies that lead to different traits within a population over time (e.g. pesticide resistance, body size, color, etc.) and macro- involves changes that lead to new species or taxa over time

What is the fifth theory of evolution and by what mechanism does it occur?

Natural selection explains how organisms evolved from a common ancestor to become the great variety that can be observed today.

What are the two steps of natural selection?

1)Genetic/phenotypic variation generated as the result of mutations

2)Sorting (i.e., selecting): Survival of different traits

What is the need-to-know definition of evolution?

Change of allele frequencies in a population over time

What are the 4 evolutionary forces?

(1) Selection (natural and sexual)

(2) Genetic drift = chance events

(3) Gene flow = migration of alleles (individuals) out of, into, or between populations

(4) Mutations

What is an individual's ability to propagate its genes called?

Fitness

What are the 7 taxonomic ranks?

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

What is the taxonomy of Gryllus rubens? And what rank did I list for specification.

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Arthropoda

Class: Insecta

Order: Orthoptera

Family: Gryllidae

Genus: Gryllus

Species: Gryllus rubens

What is the morphological species concept?

species are defined by morphological features

What is the biological species concept?

species are groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups.

What is the genetic species concept?

geneticist's equivalent of the morphological concept, but genetic similarity is used

What is the more commonly used species concept?

Biological species concept

What kind of trait character is present in common ancestor of all species in taxon?

Ancestral

What kind of trait characters arose later in group?

Derived

What is a synapomorphy?

derived character shared by all members of clade: evidence of homology and common descent of species in clade

What is a plesiomorphy?

Ancestral character states of taxon

Shared ancestral traits of a taxon can be described as?

Symplesiomorphy

Symplesiomorphies will be ___ & ___ ___on the phylogeny than Synapomorphies that are ___ & ___ ___ on the phylogenic tree.

Higher; less specicific; Lower; more specific

What is a clade that the taxon includes most recent common ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor?

Monophyletic

What is a clade that the taxon taxon includes most recent common ancestor of all members of a group and some, but not all descendants of that ancestor?

Paraphyletic

What is it called if group does not include most recent common ancestor of all members of the group?

Polyphyletic

Cladists only accept...

Monophyletic groups

What are the 5 grades of organisms?

Protoplasmic grade

Cellular grade

Cell-tissue grade

Tissue-organ grade

Organ-system grade

What is the developmental process of the body cavities?

Zygote -> Mitosis -> (1) Morula (ball of cells) --> (2) Blastula with fluid filled cavity (blastocoel) and blastodermBody cavity is an internal space --> (3) Gastrula: one side pushes inward: depression becomes gut cavity (Gastrocoel or Archenteron)

What germ layer is the gut lining?

Endoderm

What is the outer germ layer?

Ectoderm

In triploblastic animals, they have a third germ layer called the...

Mesoderm

Mesoderm cells develop from the...

endoderm

In what organisms does the mesoderm forms from endodermal cells near blastopore?

Protostomes

What kind of cleavage do protostomes have?

Spiral

What body plan is mesodermal cells completely filling the blastocoel. This cell-filled room: parenchyma

Acoelomate

What body plan is mesodermal cells lining outer edge of blastocoel; two cavities: blastocoel (=pseudocoel) and gut.

Pseudocoelomate

What body plan is mesoderm cells filling blastocoel with band of tissue that opens up in center and then forms true coelom(surrounds blastocoel): coelomate animals?

Schizocoely/True coelom

What organisms form their true coelom differently? Cells grow as pouches that eventually pinch off and form a true coelom; process: Enterocoely (coelomate animals).

Deuterostomes

What kind of cleavage do deuterostomes have?

radial

Four tissue types in the body?

Epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle tissues

Prokaryotes have...

No organs, tissues, or germ layers