Usmdo, Usmdo cell bio, USMDO Set 2, DNA Repair and Cytoskeleton, DNA Transcription, A to Z Diseases

NMDA receptor

a specialized ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a calcium channel that is normally blocked by Mg2+ ions; involved in long-term potentiation

AMPA receptor

An ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a sodium channel; stimulated by AMPA (subtype)

Serotonin

A neurotransmitter that affects hunger,sleep, arousal, and mood.

where serotonin is found

Find in both the cns and outside the CNS (90% of body total serotonin is found in digestive system 8% in blood platelets and immune cells and 2% is found in the brain)

Long-term potentiation

AMPA and NMDA receptors have been implicated in LTP

Glutamate

A major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory

Most common

Found at 50% of excitatory synapses there

What is the first step of long-term potentiation?

High frequency action potentials in the pre-synaptic cell.

What happens when glutamate binds to the AMPA receptor?

Sodium enters through the AMPA receptor, depolarizing the cell by 20 to 30 mV.

What occurs after depolarization in long-term potentiation?

Depolarization drives magnesium out of the pore of the NMDA receptor, unblocking it and allowing calcium entry into the post-synaptic cell.

What is the result of long-term potentiation on glutamate receptors?

There is a long-lasting increase in glutamate receptors and sensitivity.

What is the final step in long-term potentiation?

There is a long-lasting increase in glutamate synthesis and release.

Ltp step 2

Step two glutamate is released

Dopamine and norepinephrine

Primary neurotransmitters of cns

GABA

a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in brain

Interneuron

Glycine

major inhibitory neurotransmitter in spinal cord and brain stem interneuron

endogenous opioids

A family of peptide transmitters that have been called the body's own narcotics. The three kinds are enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins.

Opiates also bind at these receptors like morphine and codeine

Forebrain

cerebrum and diencephalon

Midbrain

midbrain

Hindbrain

medulla oblongata, pons, cerebellum

subcortical nuclei

groups of cells in brain below the cerebral cortex

Pyramidal cells

found in the cerebral cortex, have a triangular cell body and a single, long dendrite among many smaller dendrites

function of pyrimidal cells

Function: Major output cells send to other parts of the cortex and other parts of the CNS

Non-pyramidal cells

small star shaped cells involved in receiving inputs into cerebral cortex and local processing of info

Cerebrum

Area of the brain responsible for all voluntary activities of the body

Diencephalon

thalamus and hypothalamus and epithalamus

Cerebellum

A large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills.

Subcortical nuclei

groups of cells in brain below the cerebral cortex

Includes basal nuclei that coordinate skeletal muscle activity

Includes limbic system

Cerebrum

Contains limbic system

Brain stem

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

dorsal root of spinal cord

carries afferent sensory

ventral root of spinal cord

carries efferent motor

Ale

cranial nerve 1

Olfactory (smell)

cranial nerve 2

Optic

cranial nerve 3

Oculomotor (eye movement)

cranial nerve 4

Trochlear (eye movement)

cranial nerve 5

trigeminal nerve (chewing)

cranial nerve 6

Abducens (Moves eyeballs)

cranial nerve 7

Facial

cranial nerve 8

Vestibulocochlear (hearing and balance)

cranial nerve 9

Glossopharyngeal (swallowing and taste buds)

cranial nerve 10

vagus nerve (pharynx, larynx)

cranial nerve 11

accessory

sternocleidomastoid and trapezius

cranial nerve 12

Hypoglossal (tongue movement)

somatic nervous system

one neuron

Cleft lip and palate

Full thickness defect if lip or palate

Aphthous ulcer

superficial ulceration of mucosa

Behcet syndrome

1) Recurrent aphthous ulcer

2) genital ulcers

2)uveitis

uveitis

inflammation of the uvea

behcet syndrome causes

- Due to immune complex vasculitis involving small vessels

- seen after viral infection

Oral herpes

vesicular eruption in or on the mouth caused by herpesvirus; also called herpes labialis or cold sore

squamous cell carcinoma

malignant tumor of the squamous epithelial cells in the epidermis lining oral mucosa

Oral leukoplakia and erythroplakia are precursor lesions

Mumps

Infection with mumps virus resulting in bilateral inflamed parotid glands

sialadenitis

inflammation of a salivary gland

Pleiomorphic adenoma

most common benign salivary gland tumor

Warthin tumor

Benign cystic tumor with abundant lymphocytes and germinal centers (lymph node-like stroma); 2nd most common tumor of the salivary gland

Normally tumor

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma

Most common malignant salivary gland tumor

Parotid

Anemia

Reduction in circulating rbc

Mcv: less 80 micrometers

Microcytic anemia

Anemia with mcv less than 80 micrometers

Due to decreased production of Hb

Microcytic anemia examples

iron deficiency anemia and thalassemia

Anemia of chronic disease

Sideroblastic anemia

Sideroblastic anemia

Anemia due to defective protoporphyrin synthesis

anemia symptoms

Symptoms of hypoxia

Weakness, fatigue, and dyspnea

Conjunctiva pale skin

Headache and lightheadedness

Angina, especially with pre-existing coronary artery disease

Thalessemia

autosomal recessive disorder of abnormal hemoglobin synthesis

Due to decreased synthesis of globin last time chains of hemoglobin

Hemoglobin

An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen.

Normocytic anemia

Anemia with normal-sized red blood cells. Can be due to peripheral rbc destruction (led by IgG) or intravascular hemolysis (led by IgM)

acetylcholine

used at neuromuscular junctions

used in parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system

autonomic nervous system

two neurons

Ischemic heart disease

a group of cardiac disabilities resulting from an insufficient supply of oxygenated blood to the heart

Stable angina

chest pain that occurs when a person is active or under severe stress (exertion or emotional stress)

st segment depression

unstable angina

chest pain that occurs while a person is at rest and not exerting himself

St segment depression

Prinzmetal angina

episodic chest pain unrelated to exertion

St segment elevation

Angina

Nitroglycerin relieves it

myocardial infarction

necrosis of a portion of cardiac muscle caused by partial or complete occlusion of one or more coronary arteries; also called heart attack

st segment elevation

Elevated cardiac enzymes in blood

Heart Attack Treatment

1. Aspirin and heparin

2. Supplemental O2

3. Nitrates

4. Beta blocker

5. Ace inhibitor

6. Fibrinolysis or angioplasty

sudden cardiac death

a nontraumatic, unexpected death from sudden cardiac arrest, most often due to arrhythmia; in most instances, victims have underlying heart disease

congestive heart failure

heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood

Treatment: ace inhibitors

Left sided heart failure

Cause: ischemia

Leads to pulmonary congestion which leads to pulmonary edema

right sided heart failure

Most commonly due to left side heart failure

Pitting edema or hepatosplenomegaly

Defects with right to left shunting (can reverse as time goes on)

Present as cyanosis after birth

ventricular septal defect

large hole between two ventricles lets venous blood pass from the right to the left ventricle and out to the aorta without oxygenation

Associated with fetal alcohol syndrome

atrial septal defect

flaw in the septum that divides the two atria of the heart

patent ductus arteriosus

passageway between the aorta and the pulmonary artery remains open after birth

Tetralogy of Fallot

congenital malformation involving four distinct heart defects

stenosis of the right ventricular outflow tract

right ventricular hypertrophy

VSD

Aorta overrides the VSD

Transposition of the great vessels

a congenital abnormality where the aorta is attached to the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery to the left ventricle (this is backwards and leads to two separate blood routes)

treatment: creating a shunt is required for survival

Eisenmenger syndrome

At birth, shunts flow in a left to right direction; eventually, there will be increased blood in the pulmonary circulation, leading to pulmonary hypertension. this will reverse the shunt from right to let, causing cyanosis, RVH, polycythemia, clubbing

truncus arteriosus

failure of septum formation, resulting in a single vessel that comes off of the ventricles

Tricuspid Atresia

Absence of tricuspid valve and hypoplastic RV; requires both ASD and VSD for viability.

coarctation of the aorta

congenital cardiac condition characterized by a narrowing of the aorta

acute rheumatic fever

Systemic complication of pharyngitis due to group A beta-hemolytic streptococci; affects children 2-3 weeks after an episode of streptococcal pharyngitis

Chronic rheumatic heart disease

Valve scarring that arises as a result of rheumatic fever

aortic stenosis

calcification of aortic valve cusps that restricts forward flow of blood during systole

aortic regurgitation

flow of blood backward from the aorta into the heart; caused by a weak heart valve

mitral valve prolapse

improper closure of the mitral valve

ballooning of mitral valve into left atrium during systole

mitral regurgitation

mitral insufficiency; incompetent mitral valve allows regurgitation of blood back into left atrium during systole

mitral stenosis

calcified mitral valve impedes forward flow of blood into left ventricle during diastole

endocarditis

inflammation of the inner lining of the heart

clinical features of bacterial endocarditis

-Fever (bacteremia)

-Murmur (due to vegetations)

Embolization of septic vegetations

- Janeway lesions - non-painful lesions onpalms/soles

- splinter hemorrhages in nail bed

- intracranial bleeding, pulmonary emboli

Immunological injury

- glomerulonephritis, vasculitis, arthritis

- Osler nodes - painful finger lesion ("Ouch Ouch Osler")

- Roth spots - retinal hemorrhage

- Anemia of chronic disease (due to chronic inflammation- acute phase reactants (hepsidin) hide Fe)

cardiomyopathy

dilated cardiomyopathy

dysfunctional heart muscle because of an enlarged heart

Dilation of all 4 chambers of the heart

Systolic dysfunction-> biventricikar chf

mitral and tricuspid valve regurgitation and arrhythmia

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A condition in which the heart muscle becomes abnormally thick.

Leads to sudden death in athletes