Head and Neck - Lecture Exam 2

what MOTOR nerve innervates the tongue?

Hypoglossal, CN XII

what is the one muscle in the tongue not innervated by the hypoglossal nerve? What nerve innervates it?

Platoglossus muscle

Innervated by Vagus, CN X

what nerve innervates the anterior 2/3 of the tongue? (touch, pain, pressure, temperature)

Mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve V3

What nerve innervates the posterior 1/3 of the tongue? (touch, pain, pressure, temperature)

Glossopharyngeal nerve IX

What nerve innervates the posterior part of the tongue? (touch, pain, pressure, temperature)

Vagus X

what nerve carries out taste sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

Chorda tympani of facial nerve VII

what nerve carries out taste sensation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

Glossopharyngeal CN IX

what nerve carries out taste sensation to the posterior part of the root of tongue, upper larynx, and upper esophagus?

Vagus X

What nerve innervates the orbital group?

Facial nerve VII

what is the action of the palpebral portion of the orbicularis oculi?

Closes the eyelids gently

what is the action of the orbital portion of the orbicularis oculi?

Closes the eyelids forcefully

what is the action of the corrugator supercilii?

Draws the eyebrows medially and downward

what CN innervates the nasal group of muscles?

Facial CN VII

what is the function of the transverse part of the nasalis

compresses nasal aperture

what is the function of the alar part of the nasalis?

Draws cartilage downward and laterally, opening the nostril

what is the function of the procerus?

Draws down medial angle of eyebrows, producing transverse wrinkles over the bridge of the nose

what is the function of the depressor septi?

pulls nose inferiorly

what muscles are part of the lower group of oral muscles?

Depressor anguli oris

Depressor labii inferioris

Mentalis

What nerve innervates all of the oral muscles?

Facial nerve VII

What is the function of the depressor anguli oris?

Draws corner of mouth downward and laterally

What is the function of the depressor labii inferioris?

Draws lower lip downward and laterally

What is the function of the mentalis?

Raises and protrudes lower lip as it wrinkles skin on the chin

What is the function of the risorius?

Retracts the corner of the mouth

What is the function of the zygomaticus major?

Draws the corner of the mouth upward and laterally

What is the function of the zygomaticus minor?

Draws the upper lip upward

What is the function of the levator labii superioris?

Raises upper lip, helps form nasolabial furrow

What is the function of the levator anguli oris?

Raises corner of the mouth, helps form nasolabial furrow

What is the function of the levator labii superioris alaeque nasi?

Raises upper lip and opens nostril

What is the function of the orbicularis oris?

Closes lips; protrudes lips

What is the function of the buccinator?

Presses the cheek against the teeth; compresses distended cheeks

what is the function of the anterior auricular muscle?

Draws ear upward and forward

What is the function of the superior auricular?

Elevates ear

What is the function of the posterior auricular?

Draws ear upward and backward

What is the function of the frontal belly of the occipitofrontalis?

wrinkles forehead; raises eyebrows

What is the function of the occipital belly of the occipitofrontalis?

Draws scalp backward

What nerve provides sensory innervation to the parotid gland?

Auriculotemporal nerve, a branch of the trigeminal nerve

the parotid gland blood supply: (artery & vein)

external carotid artery and its branches, retromandibular vein and its tributaries

What nerve provides sensory innervation to the face?

Trigeminal nerve, all 3 branches

In order from the forehead to the mandible, what branches of the facial nerve innervate the face?

Temporal

Zygomatic

Buccal

Marginal

Cervical

(the zebra bit my churro)

What nerve passes through the infratemporal fossa?

the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve V3

What major structure passes through the pterygopalatine fossa?

Maxillary division of the trigemeninal nerve V2

Groove between the external nose and the upper lip

Philtrum

How do you test the sensation in the face?

Touching the forehead (V1)

Touching the anterior cheek (V2)

Touching the skin over the anterior body of the mandible (V3)

what makes the eye susceptible to corneal ulceration due to Bells Palsy?

Loss of tone in the orbicularis oculi causes the inferior eyelid to evert, and as a result, lacrimal fluid cannot spread over the surface of the cornea.

what happens if CN 7 palsy causes paralysis of the buccinator and orbicularis oris?

Food accumulates in the oral vestibule requiring removal

Weakened lip muscles due to CN 7 palsy causes

impaired labial sounds

Sphincters/dilators of the mouth affected due to CN 7 palsy causes:

drooping of the corner of the mouth produced by contraction of the unopposed contralateral muscles and gravity. results in food and saliva dribbling from the side of the mouth

what lymph nodes are located in the face?

Submental nodes

submandibular nodes

pre-auricular and parotid nodes

What layers make up the scalp (from superficial to deep)

Skin

Connective tissue (dense)

Aponeurotic layer

Loose connective tissue

Pericranium

What muscles cause protrusion of the mandible?

Lateral pterygoid assisted by medial pterygoid

what muscles cause retraction of the mandible?

Posterior fibers of the temporalis, deep part of the masseter, and geniohyoid, and digastric muscles.

what muscles elevate the mandible?

Temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid

What muscles depress the mandible?

Digastric, geniohyoid, and mylohyoid

(also gravity)

what is the action of the masseter?

Elevation of mandible

What is the action of the temporalis?

Elevation and retraction of the mandible

What is the action of the medial pterygoid?

Elevation and side-to-side movements of the mandible

What is the action of the lateral pterygoid?

Protrusion and side to side movements of the mandible

How does the zygomaticotemporal branch of the maxillary nerve enter the temporal fossa?

through the zygomaticotemporal foramen

What arteries supply the temporalis muscle?

Deep temporal artery, middle temporal artery

What artery supplies the temporalis muscle?

Deep temporal artery

What is the action of the levator palpebrae superioris?

Elevates superior eyelid

What is the innervation of the levator palpebrae superioris?

Occulomotor nerve III, deep layer is supplied by sympathetic fibers

What is the action of the superior oblique muscle?

Abducts, depresses, and medially rotates the eyeball

What is the innervation of the superior oblique?

Trochlear nerve CNIV

What is the action of the inferior oblique?

Abducts, elevates, and laterally rotates the eye

What is the action of the superior rectus?

Elevates, adducts, and rotates the eyeball medially

What is the action of the inferior rectus?

Depresses, adducts, and rotates the eyeball laterally

What is the action of the medial rectus?

Adducts the eye

What is the action of the lateral rectus?

Abducts eyeball

What nerve innervates the lateral rectus?

abducens nerve (CN VI)

What muscles does occulomotor nerve III innervate?

Inferior oblique, superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus

what structure does the superior opthalmic vein empty into?

Cavernous sinus

What structure does the inferior opthalmic vein empty into?

Pterygoid venous plexus

A lesion of the optic chiasma produces:

bitemporal heteronymous hemianopsia

A lesion of the optic tract produces:

Contralateral homonymous hemianopsia

What makes up the external ear?

Auricle and external acoustic meatus

what makes up the middle ear?

Auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes)

stapedius and tensor tympani muscles

chorda tympani nerve (a branch of CN VII)

Tympanic plexus of nevres

What makes the internal ear?

membranous labyrinth (cochlear labyrinth and vestibular labyrinth)

What nerves are involved in the pupillary (light) reflex (shine a light in your eye)?

Afferent - Optic nerve

Efferent - Oculomotor nerve

What nerves are involved in the corneal (blink) reflex (touch eye with a cotton swab)?

Afferent - Trigeminal nerve

Efferent - Facial nerve

What nerves are involved in the gag reflex?

Afferent - Glossopharyngeal nerve

Efferent - Vagus

What emerges from the parietal foramen?

Emissary veins

What does the anterior fontanelle become?

Bregma

the posterior fontanelle is the future site of:

Lambda

What structures pass through the incisive foramen?

Nasopalatine nerve; sphenopalatine vessels

what structures pass through the greater palatine foramen?

Greater palatine nerve and vessels

What structures pass through the lesser palatine foramen?

Lesser palatine nerves and vessels

What structures pass through the pterygoid canal

pterygoid nerve and vessels

What structures pass through the foramen ovale?

Mandibular nerve [V3]; lesser petrosal nerve

What structure passes through the foramen spinosum?

Middle meningeal artery

What structure passes through the foramen lacerum?

None. Filled with cartilage.

What structure passes through the carotid canal?

Internal carotid artery and nerve plexus

What structure passes through the foramen magnum?

Continuation of the brain and spinal cord; vertebral arteries and nerve plexuses; anterior spinal artery; posterior spinal arteries; roots of accessory nerve XI; meninges

What structure passes through the condylar canal?

Emissary veins

What structure passes through the hypoglossal canal?

Hypoglossal nerve XII and vessels

What structure passes through the jugular foramen?

Internal jugular vein; inferior petrosal sinus; glossopharyngeal nerve IX, vagus nerve, accessory nerve

What structure passes through the stylomastoid foramen?

Facial nerve VII

What nerve passes through the cribriform plate?

CN I (olfactory nerve)

What nerve passes through the optic canal?

Optic nerve II, opthalmic artery

What structures pass through the superior orbital fissure?

Opthalmic vein, CN III, IV, Trigeminal V1, VI