8th Grade Final Exam Review Flashcards

Flashcards about Immigration in the 1800s and 1900s

Old Immigrants

Typically from Northern and Western Europe with similar languages and religions to America. Assimilated easily, except for the Irish.

New Immigrants

Typically from Southern and Eastern Europe with different languages and religions. Faced significant discrimination due to their differences.

Push/Pull Factors

Reasons why people immigrate to the U.S.

Push Factor

Bad things that force an immigrant to leave their home.

Pull Factor

Good things that attract an immigrant to a new home.

Nativism

The belief that immigration is bad and that America should be preserved for those born here.

Ellis Island

Located in NYC, it was the main arrival point for European Immigrants coming into the United States from 1880-1910

Urbanization

Growth of cities as a result of industrialization and immigration.

Child Labor

The practice of employing children in a variety of jobs because they work for less money.

Fair Labor Standards Act

Law banning child labor nationwide in 1938. It also established a minimum wage and an 8 hour workday.

Mass-production / Factory System

Producing as much of an item as possible in the shortest time and for the lowest cost.

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

A large fire in a NYC factory that resulted in the deaths of over 100 workers which led to significant changes in laws to improve working/safety conditions.

Monopoly -- Trust

When a single company controls all or most of an entire industry.

Labor Union

When workers unite and organize to fight for better working conditions.

Strike

Refusing to work until demands are met by the employer

Collective Bargaining

Negotiating as a group for better wages, etc

Progressive Era

A time period where activists fought to get laws passed which would improve the lives of the average citizen.

Muckrakers

Progressive Era Journalists who exposed corruption in American society

President Theodore Roosevelt

Played a pivotal role in several Progressive Era reform movements and became known for taking on Monopolies.

Jacob Riis

Exposed dangerous living conditions in tenements in American Cities and his work is responsible for the passage of laws like the Tenement House Act

Upton Sinclair

Exposed dangerous conditions in meat packing plants in the U.S. and is responsible for getting laws like the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act passed

Lewis Hine

Documented the experience of child laborers throughout the United States and his work is responsible for the passage of laws banning child labor.

Imperialism

The idea that the United States would use its military to influence the actions taken by foreign countries (Big Stick Policy)

Yellow Journalism

Newspapers would often print fake or misleading stories in an attempt to sell more papers than their competitors.

Open Door Policy

Allows free and open trade for all nations anywhere within China.

Militarism

Nations in Europe built huge armies

Alliances

Secret alliances between large nations

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

German submarines were sinking ANY ships that were sailing to England.

Zimmerman Telegram

Germany attempts to get Mexico to invade us, but we find out about it and declare war on Germany.

Harlem Renaissance

A period of cultural growth among the black community centered in Harlem in New York City where black creators became popular throughout the United States.

19th Amendment

Guarantees all women in the United States will have the right to vote.

Installment Buying

Loans given out to individuals who could not afford the purchase price of an item and contributed to the great depression

Buying on Margin

The practice of taking out a loan in order to buy stock.

Hoovervilles

Places where people who lost their homes could gather and live - typically shacks built out of whatever material people could find

The New Deal

The government’s (FDR) solution to the problems of the Great Depression

Fireside Chats

Speeches given by FDR over the radio to reassure people that the government was trying to help them.

Rosie the Riveter

Promoted women working in wartime industries

Pearl Harbor

Surprise attack on the U.S. Navy base in Hawaii committed by Japan.

D-Day

Allied invasion of Normandy, France and becomes the turning point in World War 2.

Cold War

Competition between Capitalism and Communism between the United States and the Soviet Union

Marshall Plan

A plan to rebuild Europe after World War 2. Would be paid for by the United States

Truman Doctrine / Containment

The United States needs to do whatever is necessary to stop the spread of communism.

Domino Theory

The theory that, if left unchecked, communism would spread to all countries around the world.

Berlin Wall

The Soviets build the Berlin Wall to keep their people (Communists) OUT of West Berlin (Capitalist)

Suburbs

As a result of the baby boom after WW2, there was increased demand for housing

McCarthyism

The false belief that communists had infiltrated the U.S. and they must be hunted down and stopped.

Watergate

Nixon chooses to resign instead of being impeached after he is caught trying to cover up the break in of his opponent's headquarters