AAPC Fundamentals of Medicine (Ch. 06)

Endocrine and Lymphatic

adre/o

adrenal gland, epinephrine

adrenal/o

adrenal gland, epinephrine

adrencortic/o

adrenal cortex

crin/o

secrete

dips/o

thirst

endocrin/o

endocrine glands or system

gluc/o

glucose, sugar

glyc/o

glucose, sugar

hormon/o

hormone

hypophys/o

pituitary gland, hypophysis

insul/o

pancreatic islet

pancreat/o

pancreas

parathry/o

parathyroid gland

parathyroid/o

parathyroid gland

pituitar

pituitary gland, hypophysis

thyr/o

thyroid gland

thyroid/o

thyroid gland

toxic/o

poison

-tropic

act upon

thyroid gland

Butterfly-shaped gland in neck regulating metabolism and calcium through hormone secretion

lobectomy

Surgical removal of a thyroid lobe

isthmusectomy

Surgical removal of the thyroid isthmus

parathyroid glands

Four glands behind the thyroid; regulate calcium and phosphorus balance

parathyroidectomy

Surgical removal of one or more parathyroid glands

thymus

Two-lobed gland behind sternum; produces T cells; shrinks after puberty

thymectomy

Surgical removal of part or all of the thymus

adrenal glands

Glands atop kidneys, composed of medulla and cortex; secrete adrenaline and various steroids

zona glomerulosa

Part of adrenal cortex involved in mineralocorticoid production

zona fasciculata

Part of adrenal cortex involved in glucocorticoid production

zona reticularis

Part of adrenal cortex involved in sex steroid production

pancreas

Dual-function gland producing insulin/glucagon (endocrine) and digestive enzymes (exocrine)

islets of Langerhans

Endocrine cells in pancreas producing insulin and glucagon

biopsy

Tissue sample from pancreas for testing

excision

Removal of suspicious pancreatic tissue

ablation

Use of energy to destroy pancreatic tissue

pancreatectomy

Surgical removal of part or all of the pancreas

carotid body

Oxygen sensor near carotid artery bifurcation; regulates breathing and blood pressure

carotid body excision

Surgical removal of carotid body when tumors are present

pituitary gland

Master gland below hypothalamus controlling other glands; has anterior and posterior lobes

anterior pituitary

Secretes GH, TSH, ACTH, MSH, FSH, LH, PRL

posterior pituitary

Secretes oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH)

pineal gland

Small pinecone-shaped gland in brain; produces melatonin and serotonin

pinealectomy

Surgical removal of the pineal gland, usually due to tumor

testes and ovaries

Primary sex glands secreting testosterone and estrogen

orchiopexy

Surgical fixation of undescended testicles

vasectomy

Surgical removal of a segment of vas deferens

cystectomy

Removal of ovarian cysts

oophorectomy

Surgical removal of one or both ovaries

goiter

Enlargement of the thyroid gland

hypothyroidism

Underactive thyroid; weight gain, fatigue, depression

hyperthyroidism

Overactive thyroid; weight loss, nervousness, tachycardia

thyroid storm

Life-threatening form of hyperthyroidism with organ failure risk

Addison’s disease

Adrenal glands don’t produce enough cortisol; causes fatigue, weight loss

parathyroid disorder

Disruption of calcium and phosphorus regulation from overactive parathyroid

primary hyperparathyroidism

Overproduction of PTH from parathyroid enlargement

secondary hyperparathyroidism

PTH resistance due to another issue like kidney disease

diabetes mellitus

Group of diseases with abnormal glucose use, causing hyperglycemia

type 1 DM

Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells; insulin dependent

type 2 DM

Insulin resistance or insufficient insulin; may not need insulin

secondary diabetes

Caused by other conditions (e.g., cystic fibrosis, drugs)

acromegaly

Overgrowth of bones/soft tissue due to adult GH excess

Cushing’s syndrome

Excess cortisol from adrenal gland or medications

euthyroid

Normal thyroid activity

goiter

Thyroid enlargement due to iodine deficiency or TSH overproduction

hyperkalemia

Excess potassium in blood

hyperaldosteronism

Overproduction of aldosterone causing fluid retention and hypertension

panhypopituitarism

Failure of anterior pituitary to produce hormones; leads to weight loss, fatigue

prolactinoma

Benign pituitary tumor producing prolactin; can cause infertility, cycle changes

thyrotoxicosis

Excess thyroid hormone symptoms; often from Graves' disease

thymitis

Inflammation of the thymus gland

AC

adrenal cortex

ACTH

adrenocorticotropic hormone

ADH

antidiuretic hormone

CAH

congenital adrenal hyperplasia

DI

diabetes insipidus

DKA

diabetic ketoacidosis

DM

diabetes mellitus

FSH

follicle-stimulating hormone

GH

growth hormone

HCG

hormone chorionic gonadotropin

HGF

human growth factor

ICSH

interstitial cell-stimulating hormone

IDDM

insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

IGT

impaired glucose tolerance

LH

luteinizing hormone

MEA

multiple endocrine adenomatosis