THE PROKARYOTES AND EUKARYOTES

Eukarya

Us humans belongs to what kingdom?

Aristotle

A Greek philosopher and classified different animals based on their habitat, characteristics.

Carolus Linnaeus

Swedish botanist and naturalist

Carolus Linnaeus

During the 18th century, he created the basic biological taxonomy, binomial classification system — that is the foundation of our modern taxonomic system. He is known to be the “Father of modern Taxonomy”

Taxonomic Hierarchy Categories/Binomial classification system

The foundation of our modern taxonomic system.

Taxonomy

Science of describing, naming, and classifying living and extinct organisms and viruses

Taxonomy

Deals with the classification and identification of organisms, it also organizes organism into hierarchical category based on their shared characteristics

Systematics

Study of biological diversity and the evolutionary relationships among organisms. Both extinct and modern.

Systematics

It determines common ancestry 

Systematics

It makes sure that the common ancestry by different organism

Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, Protista, Archaea, and Bacteria

These are the traditional 6 kingdoms

Chromista

This is the 7th kingdom

Phylum/Phyla

Scientists generally use the term phylum for archaea, bacteria, protists, fungi, and animals, but they substitute the term division for plants 

Phylum/Phyla

Based largely on general body plan

Arthropoda

This is the largest phylum in the animal kingdom

Arthropoda

they have external skeleton, segmented bodies and jointed legs, for examples insects, crabs and arachnids 

Nematoda

Ascaris is belong to what phylum?

Phylum Chordata

they have internal skeleton, backbone or notochord. Fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. Humans.

Class

This ranks below the phylum and above the order in taxonomy.

Class

Members of this share more characteristics with each other than they do with other organisms in the same phylum

Order

The order ranks below the class and above the family in the taxonomic hierarchy. This is a more specific rank than class. subdivisions of classes and consist of families with similar traits

Carnivora

order of meat eating mammals

Rodents

rats and mites

Chiroptera

Bats

Cetacea

whales and porpoises

Insectivora

insects

Family

This ranks below the order and above the genus. Members of the same taxonomic __ are more closely related to each other than they are to other members of the same order

Hominidae

Great Apes and Humans

Cercopithecidae

Old world monkeys

Hylobatidae

Gibbons and lesser apes

Family Canidae

What family is foxes and coyotes?

Family Felidae

What family is lions and cats?

Family Mustelidae

What family is otters and weasels?

Genus

is the taxonomic rank between family and species. The groups of organisms in this share many structural similarities and are very closely related. Members of this are more closely related to each other than they are to other genera in the same family.

genus Panthera

Lions and tigers are belong to the family Felidae but in what genus?

genus Felis

Ocelots and domestic cats are belong to the family Felidae but in what genus?

genus lynx

Lynx and bob cats are belong to the family Felidae but in what genus?

Species

The last category of biological classification and highly diversified in nature.

Species

It is the lowest level of taxonomic hierarchy. There are about 8.7 million different species on earth. It refers to a group of organisms that are similar in shape, form, reproductive features. This can be further divided into subspecies.

Species

All members of a __ have the same number of chromosomes.

Gram negative bacteria

Phyla: Proteobacteria; Selected class: Alphaproteobacteria; includes Ehrlichia and Rickettsia

Proteobacteria 

Includes most gram negative bacteria and largest taxonomic group of bacteria

Proteobacteria 

They are classified as chemoheterotrophic bacteria (they can obtain obtain their energy by chemical compounds)

Alphaproteobacteria

Includes most proteobacteria that are capable of growth with very low levels of nutrients

Alphaproteobacteria

Also includes agriculturally important bacteria that are capable of nitrogen fixation in symbiosis with several plants and several human pathogens

G and C, A and T

makes up the genetic code that carries information for protein synthesis and other cellular processes

G and C nucleotides

They form base pairs of each other and it contributes to the stability of the DNA structures

4 types of DNA bases

• Adenine (A)

• Cytosine (C)

• Thymine (T)

• Guanine (G)

4 types of RNA bases

• Adenine (A)

• Cytosine (C)

• Uracil (U)

• Guanine (G)

Firmicutes

endospore-forming bacteria, Low G+C and have the ability to produce highly resistant, dormant structures

1. Enterococcus faecium 

2. Staphylococcus aureus 

3. Klebsiella pneumoniae 

4. Acinetobacter baumanii 

5. Pseudomonas aeruginosa

6. Enterobacter species

6 Virulent and Multi-drug Resistant Bacteria (ESKAPE)

Fungi

Acquire food by absorption 

Chemoheterotrophs

microbes that use organic chemical substances as sources of energy and organic compounds as the main source of carbon

Fungi

Multicellular (except yeast), Most reproduce with sexual and asexual spores, budding (yeast)

Fungi

Decompose dead plant matter, cellulases (extracellular enzymes)

Mycorrhizae

are symbiotic associations between fungi and roots of plants

Inhibiting the growth of bacterial cell walls

How penicillin works?

Lichens

A combination of green alga and a fungus, often the first life forms to colonize newly exposed soil or rock

Fungi

provide structure and shelter

Algae or cyanobacteria

photosynthesis and produce nutrients

Lichens

Unique appearance, slow growth, sensitive to pollution

Crustose, Foliose, and Fruticose

Three kinds of Lichens

Crustose

Flat and crust-like, tightly attached to the surface.

Foliose

Leaf-like with distinct upper and lower surfaces. Loops and division

Fruticose

Shrub-like, branched, and upright or hanging.

Protozoa

Unicellular, eukaryotic organisms, capable of movement using flagella, cilia, or pseudopodia

Protozoa

Aquatic environments, terrestrial environments, and moist environments, Heterotrophic, variety of diets

Protozoa

decompose organic matter and recycling nutrients

Protozoa

Reproduction: (asexual) binary fission, budding, (sexual) conjugation

Monera

added to 5 Kingdom system instead of archaea