Ch 2. Chemistry (Basis of LIfe)

Why do we study chemistry in Anatomy and Physiology.

Chemistry is concerned with concerned with composition of substances and how they change in chemical reactions

Studies compositions, properties, and interactions of matter.

Tell me what is Matter.

It is anything that takes up space and has mass. Matter is composed of elements. Solids, liquids, and gases are matter. Elements are composed of atoms.

Tell me what is in an atoms.

Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons

Tell me what the definition of an atoms is.

It is composed of subatomic particles.

Tell me what is a proton.

It is a large particle; Carry a single positive charge

Tell me what is a Neutron

It is a large particle; Carries no electrical charge.

Tell me what is an electron.

It is a small particle that carries a single negative charge.

Tell me what an Atomic Number is.

It is the number of protons in the nucleus of a na tom of a specific element

Each element has a unique atomic number

Tell me what Mass Number means.

The number of protons plus the number of neutrons in one atom

Atoms of different elements differ from one another because they have different atomic numbers and different mass numbers.

Tell me what an isotope is.

It is atoms with the same atomic number but with different mass numbers

Tell me what Radioactive Isotopes are.

They are unstable, releasing energy or atomic fragments (atomic radiation) until they gain stability; some are used to detect and treat disease.

Tell me what H₂0 is.

This is a molecule of water, a compound that contains 2 hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.

Tell me the rule for atoms with an atomic number of 18 or less

The first shell can hold up to 2 electrons

Tell me what determines whether atoms will react with other atoms to form a chemical bond.

Electrons in the outermost shell

Tel me characteristics of covalent bonds.

Hydrogen molecules (H₂) can combine with oxygen (O₂) molecules to form water molecules (H₂0)

Tell me what a structural formula is.

This shows how atoms bond are arranged in various molecules

Tell me the types of chemical Reactions

Synthesis reaction and Decomposition Reaction

Tell me what a synthesis reaction is

It is when a more complex chemical structure is formed

Ex: A + B —→ AB

Tell me what a decomposition reaction is

It is when chemical bonds are broken to form a more simple chemcial structure.

Ex: AB —→ A + B

Tell me what acids are.

They are electrolytes that dissociate to release hydrogen ions in water.

Tell me the types of chemical Reactions.

Synthesis Reaction and Decomposition Reaction

Tell me what a synthesis reaction is.

It is when a more complexx chemical structure is formed.

Ex: A + B —→ AB

Tell me what a Decompositon Reaction is.

It is when chemical bonds are broken to form a simpler chemical structure.

Ex: AB —→ A + B

Tell me characteristics of Acids and Basis

This dissociates the substance, and water molecules surround the ions. The substance is now called an Electrolyte, since it can now carry an electric current. Electrolytes are compounds that ionize in water.

Tell me scale pH runs from and what each number can represent

It runs from 0 through 14 and each number represents a tenfold difference in H ion concentration

Tell me what the pH levels are for Acids and Bases

Acids have a Ph < 7 and bases have a pH > 7.

Tell me what the pH scale has to be to be neutral.

It is a pH of 7 is neutral

Tell me what a pH scale is.

It indicated the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution.

Tell me what a neutral pH and the H⁺ concentration is

A pH of 7 indicates an equal concentration of Watere

Tell me what a acidic pH and the H⁺ concentration is

A pH of <7 indicates a greater concentration of H and OH

Tell me what a baseline (alkaline) pH and the H⁺ concentration is

A pH > 7 indicated a higher concentration

Tell me what a normal range of blood pH is

7.35 - 7.45

Tell me what acidemia means.

This occurs when blood pH drops to 7.0 through 7.3

Tell me what Acidosis means.

It means when a person feels disoriented and fatigued.

Tell me what alkalemia means.

It occurs when a blood pH rises to 7.5 through 7.8

Tell me what organic molecules contain

It contains C and H

Tell me what Inorganic Molecule contain

Generally do not contain C and H.

Water, oxygen, carbon Dioxide, and inorganic salts (Ex. Sodium chloride NaCl)

Tell me characteristics of Water.

It is the most abundant compound in living material

Tell me what the main source of cellular energy is.

Contain C, G, and O

Tell me chatacteristics of the size classification of carbonhydrates.

Monosaccharides (Single sugars): glucose, fructose.

Tell me characteristics of glycogen.

Polysaccharide synthesised by human cells and stored in the liver and skeletal muscles

It is the storage form of glucose.

Tell me what lipids are

Insoluble in water, but soluble in organic solvents

Tell me characteristics of steroids

Cholesterol is the main steroid in the body

Tell me characteristics of Proteins.

It is sued as structural materials, energy source, hormones, receptoprs, enzymes, and antibodies.

Tell me characteristics of enzymes

Proteins that catalyze the digestion of a substrate without being changed or depleted

The name of enzymes usually end in “ase”

Ex: Amylase is an enzyme that promotes the breakdown of starches during digestion

Tell me what denaturation is.

It is a change in the secondary and teritary (3D) structure of a protein

Tell me what the 4 levels of a protein structure is.

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary.

Tell me characteristics of Nucleic acids

It can undergo replication

Building blocks are called nucleotides, which consists of a sugar (S), a phosphate group (P), and an organic nitrogenous base (B)

Tell me the types of Nucleic acids:

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid): a double chain of nucleotides

RNA (Ribenucleic acid): a signle chain of nucleotides