Readings in Philippine History Finals

Constitution

Constitution

It refers to the body of rules and maxims by which the powers of sovereignty are regularly exercised.

Philippine Constitution

A written instrument by which the fundamental powers of the government are established, limited, and defined and by which these powers are distributed among the several departments or branches for their safe and useful exercise for the benefit of the people

February 2, 1987

It is when the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines has been in effect

1935 Commonwealth Constitution, 1973 Constitution and the 1986 Freedom Constitution

3 Constitutions that have effectively governed the country

1897 Constitution of Biak-na-Bato

It was the provisionary Constitution of the Philippine Republic during the Philippine Revolution, and was promulgated by the Philippine Revolutionary Government on November 1, 1897

1899 Malolos Constitutio

It was approved by the Malolos Congress on November 28, 1898, and promulgated by Emilio Aguinaldo on January 21, 1899

The Treaty of Paris of 1898

It ended the Spanish- American War, involved Spain selling the Philippines to the United States for 20 million dollars, without the Filipinos knowing about the agreement

1935 Commonwealth Constitution

It was in accordance with the Philippine Independence Act of and was drafted and approved on Feb. 8, 1935 by the 202-member Constitutional Convention of 1934 chaired by Senator Claro M. Recto

1935 Commonwealth Constitution

Provided for a presidential system of government and originally with a unicameral National Assembly which had the power to enact laws for the Philippines, known as Commonwealth Act

1935 Commonwealth Constitution

Created the Commonwealth of the Philippines, an administrative body that governed the Philippines from 1935 to 1946

January 17, 1973

When was the 1973 Constitution ratified?

Proclamation No. 2045

Formally lifted the proclamation of martial law, but retained many of his powers

March 25, 1986

It is when Proclamation No. 3, commonly known as the 1986 Freedom Constitution, was promulgated, effectively abolishing the Batasang Pambansa.

Article VII, Section 18 of the 1987
Constitution

It empowers the President of the Republic to declare martial law for a period not exceeding 60 days in cases of rebellion and invasion, when public safety requires it

Martial law in the Philippines (Batas Militar ng Pilipinas)

It refers to the various historical instances in which
the Philippine head of state placed all or part of the country under military control - most prominently during the administration of Ferdinand Marcos.

Batasang Pambansa (National Assembly / National Legislature)

It was the legislature of the Philippines, established as an interim assembly in 1978 and later as an official body in 1984

February 2, 1987

When was the 1987 Constitution ratified?

Land Reform in the Philippines

A process of redistributing land from landlords to tenant-farmers in order that they will be given a chance to own a piece of land improve their plight

Agrarian Reform

the rectification of the whole system of agriculture

The Concept of Encomienda (Royal Land Grants)

This system grants that Encomiendero must defend his encomienda from external attack, maintain peace and order within, and support the missionaries. In turn, the encomiendero acquired the right to collect tribute from the indios (native).

Philippine Bill of 1902

Set the regulations on the disposal of public lands wherein a private individual can own 16 hectares and 1,024 hectares for corporations. This also gave rights to the Americans to own agricultural land.

Land Registration Act of 1902 (Act No. 496)

Provided for a comprehensive registration of land titles under the Torrens system

Public Land Act of 1903

Introduced the homestead system in the Philippines

Tenancy Act of 1933

Regulated relationships between landowners and tenants through 50-50 sharing in rice and sugar cane lands.

1935 Constitution

"The promotion of social justice to ensure the well-being and economic security of all people should be the concern of the State"

Commonwealth Act No. 178 (An Amendment to Rice Tenancy Act No. 4054)

Provided for certain controls in the landlord-tenant relationships

Commonwealth Act. No. 461

Specified reasons for the dismissal of tenants and only with the approval of the Tenancy Division of the Department of Justice

Rural Program Administration

Provided the purchase and lease of haciendas and their sale and lease to the tenants.

Commonwealth Act No. 441

It was enacted on June 3, 1939 and created the National Settlement Administration with a capital stock of P20,000,000

Rice Share Tenancy Act of 1933

The purpose of this act was to regulate the share-tenancy contracts by establishing minimum standards

National Land Settlement Administration

NLSA

Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon

an anti-Japanese group known as HUKBALAHAP in short

Republic Act No. 34

Established the 70-30 sharing arrangements and
regulating share-tenancy contracts.

Republic Act No. 55

Provided for a more effective safeguard against arbitrary ejectment of tenants

Land Settlement Development Corporation

LASEDECO

National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration

NARRA

Land Tenure Administration

LTA

Republic Act No. 1160 of 1954

Abolished the LASEDECO and established the National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) to resettle dissidents and landless farmers

Republic Act No. 1199 (Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954)

It governed the relationship between landowners and tenant farmers by organizing share-tenancy and leasehold system.

Republic Act No. 1400 (Land Reform Act of 1955)

Created the Land Tenure Administration (LTA) which was responsible for the acquisition and distribution of large tenanted rice and corn lands over 200 hectares for individuals and 600 hectares for corporations

Republic Act No. 821 (Creation of Agricultural Credit Cooperative Financing Administration)

Provided small farmers and share tenants loans with low interest rates of six to eight percent.

Republic Act No. 3844 of August 8, 1963 (Agricultural Land Reform Code)

Abolished share tenancy, institutionalized leasehold, set retention limit at 75 hectares, invested rights of preemption and redemption for tenant farmers, provided for an administrative machinery for implementation, institutionalized a judicial system of agrarian cases, incorporated extension, marketing and supervised credit system of services of farmer beneficiaries.

Republic Act No. 6389, (Code of Agrarian Reform) and RA No. 6390 of 1971

Created the Department of Agrarian Reform and the Agrarian Reform Special Account Fund to strengthen the position of farmers and expanded the scope of agrarian reform.

Presidential Decree No. 2

Declared the country under land reform program

Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR)

is an executive department of the Philippine government responsible for the redistribution of agrarian land in the Philippines

Agrarian Reform Coordinating Council

ARCC

Presidential Decree No. 27

Restricted land reform scope to tenanted rice and corn lands and set the retention limit at 7 hectares

Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law

CARL means...

Agrarian Reform Fund

ARF means...

Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program

CARP means...

Executive Order No. 228, July 17, 1987

declared full ownership to qualified farmer-beneficiaries covered by PD 27

Proclamation No. 131, July 22, 1987

Instituted the CARP as a major program of the government. It provided for a special fund known as the Agrarian Reform Fund (ARF), with an initial amount of Php50 billion to cover the estimated cost of the program from 1987-1992

Executive Order No. 405, June 14, 1990

Vested in the Land Bank of the Philippines the responsibility to determine land valuation and compensation for all lands covered by CARP

Executive Order No. 407, June 14, 1990

Accelerated the acquisition and distribution of agricultural lands, pasture lands, fishponds, agro-forestry lands and other lands of the public domain suitable for agriculture

Republic Act No. 7881, 1995

Amended certain provisions of RA 6657 and exempted fishponds and prawns from the coverage of CARP

Republic Act No. 7905, 1995

Strengthened the implementation of the CARP

Republic Act No. 8532 on 11 February 1998

provided an additional Php50 billion for CARP's ARF (Agrarian Reform Fund) and extended its implementation for another 10 years (until 2008)

ERAP PARA SA MAHIRAP

This was the battle cry that endeared President Joseph Estrada and made him very popular during the 1998 presidential election

Executive Order N0. 151, September 1999 (Farmer's Trust Fund)

Allowed the voluntary consolidation of small farm operation into medium and large scale integrated enterprise that can access long-term capital

Magkabalikat Para sa Kaunlarang Agraryo

MAGKASAKA means...

KALAHI Agrarian Reform

KAR means....

Agrarian Production Credit Program (APCP)

provided credit support for crop production to newly organized and existing agrarian reform beneficiaries' organizations (ARBOs) and farmers' organizations not qualified to avail themselves of loans under the regular credit windows of banks

People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnerships

5Ps or 5 Pillars of the 2030 Agenda

No poverty (SDG 1), Zero hunger (SDG 2), Good health and well-being (SDG 3), Quality education (SDG 4), Gender equality (SDG 5), Clean water and sanitation (SDG 6), Affordable and clean energy (SDG 7), Decent work and economic growth (SDG 8), Industry, innovation and infrastructure (SDG 9), Reduced inequalities (SDG 10), Sustainable cities and communities (SDG 11), Responsible consumption and production (SDG 12), Climate action (SDG 13), Life below water (SDG 14), Life on land (SDG 15), Peace, justice, and strong institutions (SDG 16), and Partnerships for the goals (SDG 17)

17 Sustainable Development Goals

Preamble

the prologue of the Constitution

ARCHIPELAGIC PRINCIPLE

It means that an archipelago shall be regarded as a single unit, so that the waters around, between, and connecting the islands of the archipelago form part of the internal waters of the state, subject to its exclusive sovereignty

ARCHIPELAGO

defined as a sea or part of a sea studded with islands often synonymous with island groups or as a large group of islands in an extensive body of water such as sea

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

UNCLOS

Exclusive Economic Zone

EEZ

Nine-Dash-Line

used by China to show the maximum extent of its claim, without indicating how the dashes would be joined and in turn affect the area being claimed

Natural/Moral Rights

They are rights possessed by every citizen without being granted by the state for they are conferred upon him by God as a human being

Legal Rights

rights enshrined in the legal system

Statutory Rights

They are those which are provided by laws promulgated by the law-making body, and consequently, may be abolished by the same body

Constitutional Rights

They are those rights which are conferred and protected by the Constitution

Political Rights

They are such rights of the
citizens which give them the power to participate, directly or indirectly, in the establishment or administration of the government

Civil Rights

They are those rights which the law will enforce at the instance of private individuals for the purpose of securing to them the enjoyment of their means of happiness

Economic, Social and Cultural Rights

These are the rights of the people to self-determination, and to pursue economic, social, and cultural development and financial security

Absolute or non-derogable rights

those that are so fundamental and cannot be interfered with under any circumstances

Non-absolute or derogable rights

They can be interfered with under defined circumstances

Suffrage

It is the right and obligation to vote in the election of all officers chosen by the people and in the decision of public questions submitted to the people

1.must be a citizen of the Philippines
2. at least 18 years of age
3. have resided in the Philippines for at least 1 year and in
the place wherein he proposes to vote for at least 6 months preceeding the election
4. not otherwise disqualified by law

Qualifications of Voter

LEGISLATIVE POWER

It is essentially the authority under the Constitution to make laws and to alter or repeal them.

LAWS

It refer to statutes which are the written enactments or will of the legislature governing the relations of the people among themselves or between them and the government and its agencies

General Legislative Power

This power refers to the overall authority to enact laws for the people and the State, unless the Constitution itself limits the subject matter on which it may legislate

Specific Powers

They are powers which the Constitution expressly directs or authorizes Congress to exercise

Implied Powers

Those authority enjoyed by legislature to effectively exericese its constitutionally granted powers

Inherent Powers

These are powers that are essentially inherent in the Congress which need no legislation or constitutional grant

a. a natural-born citizen of the Philippines
b. at least 35 years of age on the day of the election
c. able to read and write
d. a registered voter, and
e. a resident of the Philippines for not less than 2 years immediately preceding the day of the election

Qualifications of a Senator

a. a natural-born citizen of the Philippines
b. least 25 years of age on the day of the election
c. able to read and write
d. registered voter in the district in which he shall be elected, except party - list representative, and
e. a resident thereof for a period of not less than 1 year preceeding the day of election ( Sec. 6 )

Qualifications of a Representative

Taxation

A means of raising funds for the operation of the government, especially its public services

EXECUTIVE POWER

The power to administer the laws, which means carrying them into practical operation and enforcing their due observance

1. natural-born citizen of the Philippines ;
2. registered voter ;
3. able to read and write ;
4. at least 40 years of age on the day of the election; and
5. resident of the Philippines for at least 10 years immediately preceding the election

Qualifications for President and Vice President

Citizen

a person having title of citizenship, enjoying full civil and political rights

Natural-born citizen

Filipino from birth

Naturalized citizen

either born in or outside the Philippines to non-Filipino parents

Alien

a citizen of a country who is residing in or passing through another country

Jus Sanguinis

acquisition of citizenship on the basis of blood relationship

Jus Solis

acquisition of citizenship on the basis of place of birth

Naturalization

the process by which a foreigner is adopted and clothed with the privileges of a citizen through such qualifications

Civil Service Commission, the Commission on Elections and the Commission on Audit

3 Constitutional Commissions in 1973 Constitution