Ch 32 Human Diversity

02/07 lecture

animalis

to have breath

animal characteristics

1) multicellularity

2) heterotrophs

3) eukaryotes

4) have tissues that develop from embryonic germ layers

5) breathe (need oxygen)

what do animals have instead of a cell wall?

extracellular matrix

what is the most prevalent structural protein in the body? what does it do?

collagen, makes up 50%; holds the body together

what kinds of special tissues do animals have?

nervous and muscle tissue

zygote

single-celled embryo

true or false: animals ONLY reproduce sexually

false

ligament

connects bone to bone

tendon

connects muscle to bone

what are HOX genes?

regulate the development of body form, produce transcription factors, and are important for body segmentation

early embryonic development

formation of embryonic tissue layers

zygote → blastula → gastrula

cleavage

a form of mitosis in early animal development where there is rapid cell division without cell growth

• embryo stays the same size, but the cells get smaller

morula

a solid ball of cells resulting from cell division

blastula

embryonic stage with lots of cells and there is a cavity inside of the embryo

blastocoel

fluid filled cavity in the center of the blastula

“coel”

cavity

gastrula

An embryonic stage in animal development encompassing the formation of three layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

blastospore

pore in the blastula that cells can use to move into the cavity

• it becomes either the anus or the mouth

Cells start to differentiate

archenteron

old gut

The endoderm lined cavity, formed during gastrulation, that develops into the digestive tract of an animal

Totipotent cells

“total potential” cells that can become any cell type and can become a separate organism when taken out of the embryo (how twins are formed)

• have 1-8 of them

pluripotent cells

potential to be any cell types but not a separate organism

• have 1-64

multipotent cells

potential to be multiple cell types, but not every cell type

• have 1-a lot of them

• Ex: hemopoietic stem cells, endo/ecto/mesoderm cells

how many animals that once lived have gone extinct?

99%

protist most closely related to animals?

choanoflagellates

what is a grade?

a group of organisms that are categorized together basd on body complexity; not monophyletic

• ex: bugs, evergreens, etc

body plan

how animals are grouped toghether; based on morphological and developmental traits

animal categorization

• symmetry

• tissues

• body cavities

• embryonic development

radial symmetry

symmetry radiates from the middle out

• ex: sea anemone

bilateral symmetry

separates us into lateral halves

• ex: humans

tissues?

collections of similar, specialized cells isolated form other tissues by membranous layers

• carry out specific functions

• derived from embryonic ectoderm, endroderm, and mesoderm layers

what are diploblastic organisms?

animals w/ two germ layers (lack mesoderm)

triploblastic organisms

animals that have three germ layers

• most form coelums (body cavity) layers

coeleum

a body cavity; space between body wall and digestive tract

• can be air or fluid filled

coelomates

animals with a body cavity completely lined by tissue derived from mesoderm

hemocoels

animals with body cavities that are only partially lined with mesoderm derived tissue

acoelomate

animals without body cavties

protostome

animals who's first opening becomes the mouth

• have determinate cleavage

• schizocoelous

deuterostome

animal whose 2nd opening becomes the mouth

• first opening become the anus

• indeterminate cleavage

• enterocoelous

gastrulation

blastula embryo folds inward, producing a three-layered embryo, the gastrula