unit 2: cognition (perspective and thinking)

concept

prototype

schema

assimilation

accommodation

algorithms

heuristic

stereotype

representative heuristic

availability heuristic

mental set

a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past

priming

framing

gambler’s fallacy

a failure to recognize the independence of chance events, leading to the mistaken belief that one can predict the outcome of a chance event on the basis of the outcomes of past chance events

sunk cost fallacy

executive functions

creativity

divergent thinking

convergent thinking

functional fixedness

belief perserverance

confirmation bias

overconfidence

convergence

monocular depth cues

relative clarity

relative size

one of the monocular depth cues arising from the principle that the size of an object’s visual image is a function of its distance from the eye

texture gradient

the progressive decline in the resolution of textures as the viewer moves away from them

linear perspective

interposition

visual perceptual constancy

phi phenomenon

cocktail party effect

selective attention

the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

change blindness

binocular depth cues

a depth cue, such as retinal disparity, that depends on the use of two eyes

retinal disparity

gesalt psychology principles

an organized whole. These psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes

closure

figure ground

the organization of the visual field into objects that stand out from their surroundings

proximity

similarity

bottom up processing

top down processing

perceptual set