Chapter 15-23 RAD

Apnea

stopping of spontaneous breathing

Atelectasis

collapse of part or all of lung due to failure of expansion or alveolar gas reabsorption

Auscultation

listening to body sounds using a stethoscope

Body temperature

measurement of the degree of heat of the body’s deep tissues

Bradypnea

abnormally slow breathing

bradycardia

slowing of the heart rate to fewer than 60 beats per minute

diaphoresis

profuse sweating

diastole

relaxation phase of the heart especially the ventricles

dyspnea

difficulty or labored breathing

febrile

pertaining to fever or characterized by fever

homeostasis

constancy of body’s internal environment

-monitored by physiologica feedback loops

hypertension

persistent high arterial blood pressure

hyperthermia

elevated body temperature induced for therapeutic purposes

-higher than 99.5

hypotension

low blood pressure

hypothermia

abnormally low body temperature

-below 97.7

hypoxemia

decreased concentration of oxygen in the blood

intubation

insertion of a tube into body canal, hollow organ or cavity

orthopnea

difficulty breathing except when sitting upright or standing

pleural effusion

increased fluid within the pleural cavity

pneumothorax

presence of air or gas within the pleural cavity

pulse oximeter

device that estimates blood oxygen saturation

95%-100%

respiration

action of inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbone dioxide

sphygmomanometer

device used to measure blood pressure

systolic pressure

contraction phase of the heart, especially he ventricles

-top number

tachycardia

rapid heart rate, usually greater than 100 beats per minute

tachypnea

abnormally rapid breathing

tidal volume

volume of air inhaled and exhaled during one respiratory cycle

-measured as number of breaths per minute

ventilation

mechanical movement of air into and out of the lungs

mechanisms for homeostasis

-heartbeat

-blood pressure

-body temp

-respiratory rate

-electrolyte balance

Normal body temperature

97.7 to 99.5

Normal respiratory rate ADULT

12-20 breaths per minute

Normal respiratory rate CHILD

20-30 breaths per minute

Normal pulse ADULT

60-100 BPM

Normal pulse CHILD

70-120 BPM

Normal Blood pressure SYSTOLIC

120mmHG

Normal Blood pressure DIASTOLIC

80mmHG

Hypothelamus

role in perservation of heat and regulation of heat loss diaphoresis

Measurment for body temp

oral-under tongue

axillary- armpit

-tympanic- ear

temporal- forehead

rectal- most used in infants

Rectal

which form of body temperature measurement will be higher

closed-loop system

cardiovascular system of vessels is a

common sites of pulse measurement

-radial

-brachial

-carotid

1 minute

how long should you count for pulse rates?

During inspiration the diaphragmatic muslces

-move downward

-push abdominal contents outward

-expand chest cavity

brachial artery

blood pressure is typically measure over the

oxygen therapy

considered a drug and must be ordered

-measured liters per minute (LMP)

green

universal color for oxygen

Low Flow Rate Oxygen Delivery

-nasal cannula

-simple oxygen mask

-partial rebreathing oxygen mask

High Flow rate oxygen delivery

-ventilators

-large volume nebulizer

-air entrainment mask

High and Low flow oxygen delivery

-Tent

-Oxyhood

Endotracheal Tube (ET)

-tip of tube placed just above carina

-hollow tube in tracheal lumen

-called intubation

-needed for insufficient ventilation

Thoracostomy Tube

-chest tubes, placed on lateral side of the body; 5th-6th intercostal space

-drain intrapleural space and mediastinum

-Athelectasis(collapsed lung)

-Pneumothorax (Air)

-Hemothorax(Blood)

-Pleural effusion(fluid)

-Empyema (pus)

Central Venous Pressure line

-catheter inserted into large vein, subclavian vein

-administer drugs

-manage fluid volume

-Hickman, Port-a-cath, Mediport

PICC Line

large central vein, subclavian vein, internal jugular vein, femoral vein

• superior vena cava approx 2-3cm above right atrial

Pulmonary Arterial Catheter

-Swan Ganz catheters

-monitor pulmonary arterial pressure

-passes through right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery

Disease

-interruption of the normal structure or function of any part, organ, or system

-caused by microoorganisms

Infection

-establishment and growth of microorganism

Functions of Pathogens

-multiply and cause obstruction

-cause tissue damage

-secrete organic exotoxins

What causes side effects

exotoxins

Bacteria

-single celled organisms

-prokaryotes (lack nuclei and membrane bound organelles)

-reside in host or colony

-gram staining used to identify

-contains DNA and RNA

-produces endospores

bacteria

What is highly resistant to external environment

Viruses

-single cell

-cannot live outside of living cell

-carry both DNA and RNA but NEVER BOTH

-attach to host cell, inserts genetic info then drives host cell to produce new virus

-not affected by antibiotics

-can lay dormant

Fungi

-eukaryotic (has nucleus and membrane bound organelles)

-yeast and molds

dimorphic

Medically important fungi are called

Parasitic Protozoa

-eukaryotic

-live on or in other organisms at expense of host

-have motile functionality

Motility for parasitic protozoa

-Ameboid

-Flagellum

-Cilia

-Sporozoans

Incubation period

when is infectious disease the most contagious

Chain of Infection

-Host

-Infectious microorganism

-Mode of transportation

-Reservoir

True

Infections will not spread if any link in chain is broken

Nosocomial Infections

accuired at hospital

Iatrogenic infections

aquired through care of practitioner or medical treatment

Factors that encourage nosocomial infections

-environment

-therapeutic regimen

-equipment

-contamination during medical procedure

-interventional procedures (EX: ET tube

blood borne pathogens

disease causing microorganisms present in human blood

HIV

-virus

-infects CD4+T cells

-causes AIDS

-can remain latent

Hep B (HBV)

-affects liver, resulting in swelling, soreness, and loss of normal liver function

-can be asymptomatic

Internal mechanisms of the body

-mechanical barriers, chemical processes, cellular processes

External mechanisms of the body

-normal microbial flora, hand washing

Bactericidal

-kill and destroy

Bacteriostatic

slow and prevent bacteria from growing and reproducing

N95

Airborne precautions during transmission

surgical mask

Droplet precautions during transmission

PPE

contact precautions during transmission

patient

who wears the mask if airborne precaution during transmission

Autoclave

sterilization that moist heat under pressure