week 13, ch 12: moral development

In Piaget’s theory, the stage between ages 2 and 4 with no clear sense of morality is called the stage.

Premoral

The Piagetian stage from ages 5 to 7 where children believe rules are unchangeable and set by others is called .

Moral Realism

The belief that breaking rules always leads to punishment is known as .

Immanent justice

The concept that rules are imposed by authorities rather than created by individuals is called .

Heteronomous morality

According to Piaget, in Moral Realism the severity of punishment equals the of the rule.

Importance

The Piagetian stage from age 8 onward, where children understand rules as social constructs, is called .

Moral Relativism

The Piagetian term for morality based on understanding intentions is .

Autonomous morality

Piaget believed that movement between moral stages is driven by development.

Cognitive

In Piaget’s “Who is more bad?” experiment, a 6-year-old would judge the child who broke plates as worse.

Four

Modern critiques of Piaget suggest he children’s moral understanding.

Underestimated

Research shows that even can question adult authority.

Preschoolers

Kohlberg’s studies focused on participants’ rather than on right or wrong answers.

Reasoning

The moral dilemma involving stealing a drug to save a dying spouse is known as the dilemma.

Heinz

In Kohlberg’s first level of moral reasoning, individuals follow rules to avoid punishment; this is called orientation.

Obedience

The second stage of Preconventional Morality, where actions are judged by personal benefit, is called orientation.

Instrumental

In Kohlberg’s third stage, morality is based on pleasing .

Others

The fourth stage, where laws and social order determine morality, is called system morality.

Social

In Kohlberg’s fifth stage, individuals view laws as social contracts for the good.

Common

The rare sixth stage of Kohlberg’s model emphasizes universal ethical like justice and equality.

Principles

Empirical support for Kohlberg shows people progress through stages in .

Order

A criticism of Kohlberg’s theory is that it is biased toward cultures.

Individualistic

Canadian children may lie to spare a friend’s .

Feelings

Chinese children may lie to maintain the team’s high .

Standards

Gilligan argued that women emphasize and care more than abstract justice.

Relationships

Prosocial behaviour is voluntary behaviour intended to benefit .

Others

By 3 months, infants prefer characters over antisocial ones.

Prosocial

At 6 months, infants prefer prosocial characters and dislike ones.

Antisocial

By 18 months, infants help others to achieve their .

Goals

The ability to experience and understand others’ feelings is called .

Empathy

The cognitive ability to understand others’ viewpoints is called .

Perspective-taking

As children mature, they use moral reasoning based on reward and punishment to achieve and justice.

Fairness

According to Vygotsky, learning occurs first on the plane.

Social

Observing parents behave altruistically is called .

Modeling

At 18 months, Indian children helped more than German children due to parental emphasis on .

Obedience

In the temptation resistance paradigm, children are asked not to at a hidden object.

Peek

Most children over age 4 will about peeking.

Lie

Adults tend to have a bias, believing children are telling the truth.

Truth

Non-human animals exhibit behaviour, such as helping retrieve objects.

Prosocial

An evolutionary explanation for prosocial behaviour is that cooperation provides a survival .

Advantage

The hormone is associated with empathy, affiliation, and cooperation.

Oxytocin

Oxytocin spray has been shown to increase empathy and .

Trust

Listening to can trigger oxytocin release and aid post-surgery recovery.

Music

The three core skills for promoting prosocial behaviour are empathy, perspective-taking, and .

Moral reasoning

Restorative justice practice using Talking Circles was implemented in .

Nova Scotia

The step after conflict in a Talking Circle is time to calm down.

Quiet

The final step in a Talking Circle is a , symbolizing resolution.

Handshake

Prosocial behaviour emerges in children around months.

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