Gastroenterology

Gastrointestinal system

starts at mouth, goes to rectum

mechanical digestion

breaking up food with physical movement

mastication

(mechanical digestion) tearing, chewing, grinding food by teeth

deglutition

(mechanical digestion) swallowing food

peristalsis

(mechanical digestion) movement of food via muscular digestion

anorexia

decreased appetite from disease or drug

orex - appetite

dysphagia

difficult/painful eating/swallowing

polyphagia

excessive overeating sur to overactive thyroid or psychiatric issues

phago - eating/swallowing

glossitis

infection/inflammation of tongue

glosso - tongue

sialolithiasis

Prescence of stone in salivary gland

block saliva/causes swelling

stomatitis

inflammation of oral mucosa

dyspepsia

indigestion

esophageal varix

swollen/protruding vein in esophagus

nausea and vomiting

(N&V) unpleasant, queasy feeling

-emesis

vomiting

hematemesis

vomiting of blood

gastritis

inflammation of stomach

gastroenteritis

infection/inflammation of stomach and intestines

• bacterial or viral

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

chronic irritation from refluc of stomach acid into esophagus

pyrosis

heart burn

peptic ulcer disease (PUD)

chronic irritation due to ulcer

in stomach, esophagus, or duodenum

caused bacteria in stomach

adenocarcinoma

cancer in mucosal glands in stomach

ileus

absence of normal muscle movement in intestine

intussusception

folding of 1 intestinal segment inside another

volvulus

twisting/rotation of small intestine - malrotation

causes abdominal adhesions

celiac

autoimmune disorder to gluten

damages villi (the thing that absorbs nutrients) that leads to inflammation

appendicitis

infection of appendix

colon cancer

cancer in large intestine

diverticulum

weakness in colon wall leads to a pouch that traps feces/bacteria

diverticulitis

inflammation from diverticulum

polyposis

numerous polyps (benign growths)

can become cancerous

inflammatory bowel disease

chronic inflammation of intestines

crohn’s disease

type of inflammatory bowel disease - affects the lower small intestine/colon

ulcerative colitis

type of inflammatory bowel disease - affects colon/rectum (can cause ulcers)

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

cramping, pain, bloating, constipation, excessive mucus in colon

hemorrhoids

swollen veins in rectum

proctitis

inflammation of rectum

rectocele

hernia in wall of rectum - rectal wall protrudes into vaginal wall

-cele

hernia

constipation

no regular poop

diarrhea

frequent loose poop

no water absorption

flatulence

excessive gas in stomach

hematochezia

blood in poop

stomach/esophagus blood

steatorrhea

poop with undigested fats - lack of enzymes

hernia

bulging of organ or tissue through abnormal opening

hiatal hernia

bulging of stomach through diaphragm

inguinal hernia

hernia in groin

peritonitis

infection of peritoneum (abdominal cavity seal) - stomach wall break/appendix burst

spills into abdominal cavity

hepatitis

inflammation of liver

hepatomegaly

enlargement of liver

ascites

excessive ascitic fluid due to high pressure in abdominal veins

cirrhosis

chronic inflammation/irreversible degeneration of liver

hepatoma

liver cancer, began elsewhere and went to liver

bilio

bile (fluid in liver to digest fats)

chole

bile

cholecysto

gallbladder

cholangio

any bile duct

choledocho

common bile duct

cholangio carcinoma

cancer in any duct of gallbladder

cholangitis

inflammation of bile ducts - from cirrhosis/gallstones

cholecystitis

inflammation of gallbladder

cholelithiasis

gallstones in gallbladder

duodenum

first part of small intestine

choledocholithiasis

gallstones in common bile duct

pancreatic cancer

cancer most common in pancreas ducts

liver function tests (LFTs)

bloodwork that shows liver condition

• albumin — low lvls = liver disease

• bilirubin — high lvls = liver disease/gallstones

fecal occult blood test

fecal test to determine whether non-visible blood is in poop

• test colon cancer

ova & parasites

(O&P) fecal test to show parasites in the GI system

gastric analysis

measures the amount of HCl acid in the stomach

CT/CAT scan

x rays in slices to create images of abdominal organs/structure

upper GI series

(UGI) moving x-ray after ingesting barium

highlights the esophagus to duodenum

gallbladder ultrasound

image of gallbladder

checks for stones/condition of gallbladder wall

cholangiography

x-ray after dye to outline bile ducts

barium enema

x-ray after barium injection through rectum

shows large intestine

nasogastric (NG) tube

hose mouth to stomach to remove stomach contents/give food/drugs

enema

water into rectum to stimulate bowel movement

antacid drugs

drugs to neutralize stomach acid to stop heartburn

antidiarrheal drugs

drugs to slow down peristalsis to up water absorption

peristalsis

muscle movement to move stuff through GI tract

antiemetic drugs

drugs to stop nausea/vomiting

H2 blockers

block histamines in the stomach (stop stomach acid production)

for GERD and PUD

laxatives

fiber intake to poop

proton pump inhibitor drugs

drugs to stop HCl production in stomach

treats GERD

endoscopy

exam of GI system with endoscope

goes in mouth to stomach

colonoscopy

exam of GI with colonoscope inserted rectum to colon

exploratory laparotomy

incision around abdomen to see evidence of injury/trauma

bowel resection & anastomosis

removal of portion of diseased intestine and joining back together

abdominocentesis

removal of fluid from abdomen with needle

cholecystectomy

removal of gallbladder

choledocholithotomy

removal of gallstone

incision in common bile duct

bariatric surgery

for sever obesity - limits food/nutrient absorption

gastroectomy

removal of stomach because of cancer

gastrostomy

temporary/permanent opening in abdominal wall for feeding tube

jejunostomy

opening from abdominal wall to jejunum (after duodenum) to insert feeding tube

appendectomy

removal of appendix

colostomy

removal of diseased colon - put in colostomy bag tube to health part

polypectomy

removal of polyps from colon

hemorrhoidectomy

removal of hemorrhoid in rectum

herniorrhaphy

closure of defect in abdominal wall (protruding hernia)