Reading and Writing Midterms

Comprehension

It is an essential skill that students and working professionals need to understand events or reading materials, etc.

Literal Comprehension

It involves understanding a text, including facts, ideas, vocabulary, events, and state information.

ability to understand what a sentence is saying without analyzing it, ability to understand the literal meaning of words, ability to understand the literal meaning of sentences

What are the abilities necessary for comprehending?

Inference or Interpretive Comprehension

It is the ability to make valid inferences from the facts and information received/found in a text. Reader must read between the lines to understand the texts in the reading material. It involves understanding the facts even if not explicitly stated in the reading material.

Evaluative or Applied Comprehension

It requires a deeper understanding of the topic or event. It involves analyzing and weighing an event or an author's intent, opinion, language, and style of presentation.

Content Schema, Formal Schema, Linguistic Schema

What are the 3 Schemas?

Schema

It is a reader’s background knowledge. It is all the information a person knows — the people you know, places you have been, experiences you have had, books you have read

Content Schema

It is the background knowledge of an essay or the topic it relates to (Carrell, 1988). It involves many things, such as topic familiarity, cultural knowledge, conventions and previous experience of the domain.

Formal Schema

It is the background knowledge of the formal, rhetorical organizational structures of different types of texts (Carrell and Eisterhold, 1983, p. 71). It refers to the knowledge of the ways in which different genres are presented, with reference to Richards et al. (2000, p. 405)

Linguistic Schema

It is the knowledge of vocabulary and grammar. It plays a basic role in a comprehensive understanding of the text.

Eskey (1988, p. 94)

They claim that “good readers are both decoders and interpreters of texts, their decoding skills become more automatic but no less important as their reading skill develops”.

Skimming, Scanning, Intensive Reading, Extensive Reading

What are the 4 Different Types of Reading Techniques?

Skimming

"gist reading"; It means going through the text to grasp the main idea. The reader doesn't pronounce each and every word of the text but focuses their attention on the main theme or the core of the text. It is achieved by reading text that is considered to be relevant.

Scanning

It requires higher understanding of word recognition compared to skimming. Here, the reader quickly scuttles across sentences to get to a particular piece of information. It involves the technique of rejecting or ignoring irrelevant information from the text to locate a specific piece of information.

Intensive Reading

This is far more time-consuming than skimming and scanning. It involves close reading that aims at the accuracy of comprehension. Here, the reader has to understand, the meaning of each and every word.

Extensive Reading

It lays more emphasis on fluency and less on accuracy. It usually involves reading for pleasure and is more of an out-of-classroom activity. It is highly unlikely for readers to take up the ______ of text they do not like.

Grabe (2009)

According to ______, reading extensively usually requires that a reader knows 98-99% of the words in a text, some level of fluency processing words and sentences, the knowledge about text structure.

Reading

It is the process of looking at a series of written symbols and getting meaning from them. It is the process of translating letters and symbols for understanding.

Decoding, Phonics, Vocabulary, Fluency, Sentence Construction & Cohesion, Reading Comprehension, Reasoning & Background Knowledge, Working Memory Attention

What are the 8 Essential Skills for Reading?

Decoding

It is the ability to sound out words students/children have heard before but haven’t seen written out

Phonemic Awareness

It is the ability to hear and manipulate different sounds into words.

Phonemes

It is the smallest unit of speech distinguishing one word (or word element) from another.

Phonics

understanding that there is a predictable relationship between the sounds of spoken language and the letters and spellings that represent those sounds in written language; mapping sounds

Vocabulary

A good _____ is a fundamental part of academic success. This reading skill is necessary to understand the meaning of words, their definitions, and their context. It is the key to reading comprehension.

Fluency

It is the ability to read aloud with understanding, accuracy, and speed. It is a skill needed for good reading comprehension. Students _____ in reading know how to read smoothly, at a good pace, using proper tone, and without making too many errors.

Sentence Construction and Cohesion

It may seem like writing skills, but it is an essential reading skill.

Cohesion

connecting ideas between and within the sentences. It uses transition words; grammatical and lexical linking

Reading Comprehension

understanding the meaning of the text — both in storybooks and information books. It is a complex skill that requires time & practice to develop fully.

fiction books

In _____, students imagine the characters and share an emotional and adventurous journey with them.

non-fiction books

In _____, students gain new information, which deepens their understanding of new topics & concepts.

Reasoning and Background Knowledge

It helps the student/child use the _________ to make inferences and draw a conclusion.

Background Knowledge

It is information that student does not have but gains through teaching. It helps make knowledge/connection.

Working Memory and Attention

These skills are closely related but different and are part of a group of abilities known as executive function. It helps them gain meaning.

Executive Function

Working Memory and Attention are part of a group of abilities known as?

Attention

When reading, _______ helps the reader absorb the information from the text.

Working Memory

When reading, _____ allows readers to retain that information. It affects comprehension because it allows us to hold on and integrate the information we have read to future information.

Visual and Auditory Working Memory

What are the two types of working memory?

Reading Process

It is comprised of before, during, and after reading.

Before Reading

It establishes in the reader’s mind a purpose and a plan for reading. It is also the planning stage.

During Reading

It makes the reader think about the purpose for reading and about their prior knowledge.

After Reading

It makes the reader take time to think about what they knew before the reading and what they learned.

Set a Purpose, Make a Plan, Preview Material, Activate Prior Knowledge, Make Predictions, Think

What are the steps involved in the “Before Reading” or Planning Stage?

Preview Material

This involves looking over reading materials in order to become familiar with its content before you actually begin reading it.

Active Prior Knowledge

Students should be encouraged to make connections to the text from their experiences.

Prior knowledge

It should be discussed before reading the text to help set the stage for what is coming.

Predicting

It is the ability to formulate a hypothesis. It is an essential reading strategy. It allows learners to utilize information from the text to anticipate what will happen in the story.

Make Predictions

When ________, learners envision what will come next in the text, based on their prior knowledge. It encourages students to think ahead and ask questions actively.