WH: Unit 5 Vocab

Enlightenment

Shifts in the way that people thought about religion, science, individuality, freedom, self-determination, etc.

Nationalism

A feeling of intense loyalty to others who share ones language and culture.

Empiricism

The belief that knowledge comes from experience, observation, and experimentation.

John Locke

Believed that citizens had the right to revolt against an unjust government and had natural rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of property.

Social Contract

An agreement between the people and their government, signifying their consent to be governed.

Tabula Rasa

"Blank slate"; Locke's belief that a child is born with a mind that is waiting to be filled with knowledge.

Philosophes

Thinkers and writers who explored social, political, and economic theories in new ways.

Baron Montesquieu

Praised the British government's use of checks and balances in his work The Spirit of Laws.

Voltaire

Campaigned for religious liberty and judicial reform, which influenced the U.S. Constitution.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Presented the concept of the General Will of a population and the obligation of a sovereign to carry out that General Will.

Adam Smith

Called for freer trade; believed that businesses and consumers should make their own choices in their own interests, guided by the "invisible hand" to make beneficial choices for society.

Laissez-faire

An approach that governments should reduce their intervention in economic decisions.

Capitalism

An economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and are operated for profit.

Deism

The belief that a divinity simply set natural laws in motion.

Thomas Paine

Wrote Common Sense and The Age of Reason, advocating for liberty from Britain and anti-Church views.

Conservatism

A belief in traditional institutions, favoring reliance on practical experience over ideological theories.

Socialism

A system of public or direct worker ownership of the means of production.

Utopian Socialists

People who felt that society could be channeled in positive directions by setting up ideal communities.

Henri de Saint-Simon

A utopian socialist who believed that scientists, businesses, and engineers could work together to operate clean, efficient, and beautiful workspaces that produced things beneficial to society.

Charles Fourier

A utopian socialist who identified ~810 passions that would make work more enjoys able and workers less tired when encouraged; believed that harmonious living in communities was essential for a utopia.

Robert Owen

Established intentional communities and believed in education for children who worked, communal ownership of property, and community rules to govern work, education and leisure time.

Fabian Society

A group of gradual socialists who favored reforming society by parliamentary means.

Classical Liberalism

A belief in natural rights, constitutional government, laissez-fairy economics, and reduced spending on armies and established churches.

Mary Wollstonecraft

Argued for women's education through the application of reason.

Abolitionism

The movement to end the Atlantic slave trade and free all enslaved people.

Zionism

The desire of Jews to reestablish an independent homeland where their ancestors had lived in the Middle East.

Anti-Semitism

Hostility towards Jews.

Theodor Herzl

Led the Zionist movement.

Dreyfus Affair

A case where military officer Alfred Dreyfus was wrongfully accused of treason as a result of documents forged by people promoting anti-Semitism.

Declaration of Independence

Document issued in 1776 that expressed the philosophy behind the colonists' fight against British rule; stated that they had unalienable rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

Declaration of the Rights of Man

Adopted during the liberal phase of the French Revolution (1789); stated the fundamental equality of all French citizens; later became a political source for other liberal movements.

Reign of Terror

A period from 1793 to 1794 during which the government executed thousands of opponents of the revolution.

"Liberte, egalite, et fraternite"

(Liberty, equality, and fraternity) A slogan for the French revolution, popularized throughout Europe.

Haiti

The rich French sugar and coffee colony on the western third of the island of St. Domingue.

Toussaint L'Overture

A former slave who led a general rebellion against slavery during the Haitian revolution.

Simon Bolivar

A creole who pushed for Enlightenment ideals in Latin America; instrumental in the independence of Venezuela, Columbia, Ecuador, and Peru.

Lola Rodriguez de Tio

Puerto Rican poet who supported Cuban independence.

Propaganda Movement

Magazines, pamphlets, and other publications advocating for greater autonomy for the Philippines.

Realpolitik

Practical politics of reality

Giuseppe Mazzini

Italian nationalist whose writings spurred the movement for a unified and independent Italy.

Risorgimento

Italian nationalist movement

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state.

Immigration

The movement of people into a county from other countries.

Otto Von Bismarck

German statesman under whose leadership Germany was united.

Ottomanism

An Ottoman movement that aimed to create a more modern, unified state by minimizing differences across the empire.

Maroons

Escaped slaves in the Caribbean

Mestizos

A person of mixed Native American and European ancestry.

Peninsulares

Spanish-born, came to Latin America; highest social class.

Mulattoes

People of African and either European or indigenous ancestry.

Bastille

A former prison in France that symbolized the abuses of the monarchy and the corrupt aristocracy; stormed during the revolution.

Italian Peninsula

A long peninsula in Southern Europe on which Italy is located.

Spinning Jenny

Machine invented by James Hargreaves in the 1760s that allowed a weaver to spin more than one thread at a time.

Water Frame

Machine that used waterpower to drive the spinning wheel; patented by Richard Arkwright in 1769.

James Hargreaves

Inventor of the spinning jenny.

Richard Arkwright

Inventor of the water frame.

Factory System

The system bringing manufacturing steps, workers, and machines together in one place to increase efficiency.

Agricultural Revolution

A time when new inventions such as the seed drill and the steel plow made farming easier and faster. The production of food rose dramatically.

Crop Rotation

The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil.

Seed Drill

A device that efficiently places seeds in a designated spot in the ground.

Industrial Revolution

A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s.

Industrialization

The increased mechanization of production.

Cottage Industry

Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution.

Eli Whitney

Created the interchangeable parts system and invented the cotton gin.

Interchangeable Parts

A system of manufacturing in which all parts are made to an exact standard for easy mass-assembly.

Division of Labor

The assignment of different parts of a manufacturing process or task to different people in order to improve efficiency.

Specialization of Labor

To train or specialize people in certain areas of work so that people can accomplish tasks quicker.

Assembly Line

Production method that breaks down a complex job into a series of smaller tasks.

Enclosure Movement

The government fencing off the commons in order to give exclusive use of it to people who paid for the privilege or who purchased the land.

Capital

Money available to invest in businesses.

Seaways

On the Atlantic Ocean for Britain, great for importing raw materials and exporting finished goods.

Raw Materials

The basic material from which a product is made.

Manchester

City in England; one of the leading industrial areas.

Liverpool

City and one of the largest ports in England.

Trans-Siberian Railroad

Constructed in 1870s to connect European Russia with the Pacific; completed by the end of the 1880s; brought Russia into a more active Asian role.

Human Capital

The knowledge and skills a worker gains through education and experience.

-the economic value of a worker’s experience and skills

Company Rule

British East India Company's control over parts of the Indian subcontinent from 1757 to 1858.

Coaling Stations

Seaports where naval ships could fill up with coal.

Alexander Graham Bell

Inventor of the telephone.

Gugliemo Marconi

Italian inventor credited with the invention of the radio.

Transcontinental Railroad

Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west.

Steam Engine

An engine that uses the expansion or rapid condensation of steam to generate power.

James Wyatt

Scottish engineer who improved the efficiency of the steam engine.

Second Industrial Revolution

Occurred in the late 19th century; developments included steel, chemicals, precision machinery, and electronics.

Mamluks

Former Turkish slaves who formed a military class.

Muhammad Ali

An Albanian Ottoman officer who was selected to be the new governor of Egypt.

Commodore Matthew Perry

The commodore of the US navy who compelled the opening of Japan to the west.

Zaibatsu

Powerful banking and industrial families in Japan.

Automatic Loom

Allowed clothes to be made at a faster rate and changed bobbins automatically without stopping.

Meiji Restoration

The political program that followed the destruction of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1868, in which a collection of young leaders set Japan on the path of centralization, industrialization, and imperialism.

Charter Oath

A five point policy issued by Japan's Meiji emperor, which described Japan's plan for modernization calling for democracy, equality of class, rejection of outdated customs, and acceptance of foreign knowledge.

Corporations

A business chartered by a government as a legal entity owned by stockholders.

Stockholders

Individuals who buy partial ownership directly from a company when it is formed or later through the stock market.

Stock Market

A system for buying and selling shares of companies.

Monopoly

Control of a specific business and elimination of all competition.

Cecil Rhodes

British entrepreneur and politician involved in the expansion of the British Empire from South Africa into Central Africa.

Transnational

Extending or operating across national boundaries.

Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation

A British-owned bank opened in its colony of Hong Kong in 1865, focused on finance, corporate investments, and global banking.

Unilever Corporation

A British and Dutch venture focused on household goods.

Consumerism

The protection or promotion of the interests of consumers.

Urbanization

Movement of people from rural areas to cities.