Globalisation eq2

What’s global shift

the movement of manufacturing and the outsourcing of services from the West to the East. It can be considered the movement of the global economic centre of gravity. The main driver has been labour costs.

What helped accelerate global shift (china e.g.)

In china, a huge supply of cheap labour.

The 2008 global financial crisis reinforced this shift because trade balances between the emerging economies increased as those of developed countries experienced relative decline

What’s the main industries global shift is happening. E.g.

Low tech production (e.g. textiles and toys in the 60s to Taiwan. Consumer electronics in 80s to Japan. Electronics in 90s to china)

What’s an externality (in terms of globalisation too)

Social and environmental effect following on from economic changes.

E.g. child labour, suppression of trade unions, pollution, exploitation

What’s a footloose industry

One thst isn’t tied to any particular location or country and can relocate without affect form factors or production like resources, land, labour

What’s cumulative causation

The process of self sustaining economic growth in a city or region

What’s outsourcing

getting products from elsewhere

What’s BPO

Business process outsourcing.

Outsourcing standard business functions to be handles by a party outside the country

What’s the main service industry outsources to india

IT serviced and accounting

What were India’s revenues from outsourcing in march 2009.

What rate has their gdp been growing at for the last decade

US $ 60 billion.

growing at over 7% for the last decade

What is the main reasons for the success of offshoring of the service industry in India

TNCs e.g. American Express set up wholly owned captive companies to carry out their back office operations.

Low cost, high quality, gov liberalised economic policy, geographic location (jobs sent during US evening will be done by morning- time zones-

Global shift in china, infrastructure investment benifit

They have the worlds largest network of high speed rail, allowing them to connect cities and manufacturing areas, and export enormously

Global shift in china, poverty reduction benifit

In 1980, 84% of the population was living on $1 a day.

In 2010, just 10%

Global shift in india, poverty reduction benefit

4.5 mil escaped poverty and now considered middle class

Global shift in china, waged work benefit

Urban income risen by 10% a year since 2005

Global shift in india, waged work benifit

Minimum wage is now $27.17 a month for unskilled work

Global shift in china, education and training benifit

94% over 15yrs are literate, compared to 20% in 1950

Global shift in china, productive land negative

In 2014, 40% farmland degraded from pollution and increased building

Global shift in india, unplanned settlement negative

60% live in slums

Global shift in china, over exploitation of resources negstive

They’ve outsourced to get resources form Ecuador p, Brazil and Venezuela all for their own consumption

Global shift in china, pollution health problems negative

70% of rivers and lakes not fit for irrigation or drinking

Global shift in china, loss of biodiversity negative

In 2015 WWF found thst chinas terrestrial vertebrates had declined by 50% since 1920

What’s urban decline

The process where previously functioning cities fall into despair

3 causes of urban decline and examples (first most important)

The loss of an industry through changing conditions or the lack of gov support (e.g. manufacturing industries in USA cus of outsourcing to Asian countries)

Suburbanisation- rich leaving poorer less educated behind

Lack of urban planning in the past(e.g. London docklands with high traffic cus of narrow roads a reason for lack of investment cus of poor communications)

What happened in Detroit 1825-1995

1825 Erie canal opened- good for trade.

1900 automobile industry, fiat Chrysler, General Motors.

Was USAs 4th largest city 1,800,000 ppl in 1953

What happened to Detroit 1965- 2008

1965 protests with racial fights .

White flight, 15 new plants built only in suburbs.

Rise in crime

What happened in Detroit 2008→

Declared bankruptcy in 2008.

Population of 700,000

Not main industry.

What are they trying to do to fix detroit

Made railways, invested in small businesses, demolished derelict houses, rehousing people,

Modern problems with detroit

38% of jobs require a degree, not enough jobs, 71% of jobs in city held for wealthy well educated

What’s urban sprawl

The growth of urban developments on undeveloped land near a city

Hyper urbanisation statistic

By 2030 urban population will be 50 billion

What is Lee’s push and pull theory 196h

Stares that migrants have to perceive some benefit in moving from one place to another

Social negative impact of rapid urbanisation in Karachi, Pakistan (a mega city)

50% population live in unplanned settlements.

Economic negative and positive impact of rapid urbanisation in Karachi, Pakistan (a mega city)

Negative= 75% of people who live in the slims here work in informal sectors. Therefore the gov is unable to receive tax from them, so no money for gov spending towards improving QOL in cities.

Positive= this mega city is growing at 5% a year in size. It generates 25% Pakistans GDP

Environmental negative of rapid urbanisation in Karachi, Pakistan (a mega city)

flash floods because of the conversion of permeable agricultural land to built up areas

How to spot ppl moving into megscities

Invest and develop other places

what’s a global hub city

Highly switched on places possessing qualities that become focal points of globalisation

What’s an elite migrant

wealthy migrants who are welcomed to a country because of the investment and capital that they bring.

benefits of increased elite migration are that it increases investment into the host country and can fill the skills gap.

Elite migrants increase the interdependence between the host and course countries as investment flows between the two countries.

What % of house sales in London were to russians in 2014

9%

How to get a golden visa

Invest $2.6 million a year into the uk then you can live here for 3 years.

But little checks were done on where the money came form, less visas given out now

impacts if oligarchs moving to london

Lots of investment in the uk, depends interdependence between the countries

Low skilled migration into the UAE

90% of workforce are migrants, more men than woman, very very few old people as work visas given only and not passports. Th evils as expire when you retire so elderly move back home

3 benefits of migration for the source country (with statistics)

Remittances (made up 20% of Nepal’s GDP 2017) .

Less public spending in health and housing.

Migrants or kids may come back with new skills

3 costs of migration for source country with examples

Reduction in employment as ppl move elsewhere for work. Loss in skilled workers (healthcare).

Inbalanced population cus elderly, dependent left behind.

Reduced economic growth as consumption falls

3 benefits of migration for host country with examples

Receive skilled workers (e.g. influx of Indians Drs in 50sj, fills shortages of low skilled jobs.

Working migrants spend money and pay tax.

Migrants can start businesses employing others (in 2013 14% of new business startups were migrant owned)

3 cost of migration for host country with examples

Pressure in healthcare.

Social tensions- ppl could believe migration is the reason for lack of jobs. Then political parties change policies to address public concern (to reduce migration).

New markets develop for foreign food (e.g. Korean food markets in LA) bring visible change to urban areas which may cause tension

Where are most global brands from and what industry is most popular

USA and technology

Cultural imperialism

The practice of promoting the culture of one nation in another e.g. westernisation

What’s cultural homogenisation

Cultures becoming integrated in each other and similar and a loss of culture

3 ways TNCs promote cultural diffusion

replacing local industries,

providing foreign goods and services creating similar tastes globally & consumption of western goods,

glocalisation to adapt to local markets making their products hard to avoid

How does Disney create cultural diffusion

Promotes typical American values e.g. idea of dream wedding and Christian way of marrage

How is the bbc world service a tool of soft power for the uk

Changing news to make themselves look good, benifit themselves. Spread western values when reporting.

The 5th purpose of the bbc set out by the royal charter and agreement is to reflect the uk and its culture and values to the world

How does tourism and migration promote cultural diffusion

Tourists introduce new things to the places they visit. Local tourers would want to learn the language, shops wha to sell things the tourists want so locals use it too

Media and cultural diffusion

Disney, films showing western festivals Xmas Halloween, American and British period drama, sitcoms

3 ways cultural diffusion is spread and which is more important

Global media, migration & tourists, TNCs.

Media cus everyone has acces to newspapers, tv, most peoelmhave seen Disney movies

3 impacts of cultural erosion

Loss of traditions- loss of language, traditional food/ clothing.

Damaged natural environments- people care less about their local ecosystems as demand for resources rise.

Damaged built environment- TNCs move into an area and westernise it, potentially destroying the built environment and ecosystems

Whats happened in papa New Guinea relating to language (cultural erosion case study)

7,000 cultural groups with their own languages but in 2014 1 in 4 languages were at risk of being lost

Whats happened in papa New Guinea relating to environment (cultural erosion case study)

Fears they’re starting to care less about the environment in a bid to become more industrialised. Natural environment viewed as a resource for economic growth

Whats happened in papa New Guinea relating to housing, education and health (cultural erosion case study)

Use to love in wooden longhouses, now houses with clay bricks and iron roofs.

Contain schools and are visited by healthcare workers

Whats happened in papa New Guinea relating to social problems (cultural erosion case study)

Urbanisation has brought jobs, though there is a lack of skill so unemployment so people turn to crime. Lots of gangs. People leave for urban areas for more opportunities

Reasons for cultural diffusion (a global culture)

Western culture tends to improve opportunities for traditionally disadvantaged groups.

e.g. as a global culture of acceptance of people with disabilities spreads (particularly to emerging and developing countries), these groups are getting new opportunities. This growing acceptance of people with disabilities was seen in the London 2012 Paralympics, which was the first Paralympic Games ever to be sold out

Reasons against cultural diffusion

Spread of western diets have been linked to rising obesity and diabetes in emerging countries,

Can lead to spread of diseases