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Imperialism
A policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.
Formosa
An island in East Asia, known today as Taiwan.
Social Darwinism
A theory that applies the concept of natural selection to human societies, often used to justify imperialism and racism.
East India Company
A British trading company that played a significant role in the trade and colonization of India.
Dutch East India Company
A chartered company established by the Netherlands in the 17th century to carry out colonial activities in Asia.
Suez Canal
A man-made waterway in Egypt connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea, opened in 1869.
corvée laborers
Unpaid laborers who are required to work on public projects for a certain period.
"Scramble for Africa"
The rapid invasion, colonization, and annexation of African territory by European powers during the late 19th century.
Berlin Conference
A meeting from 1884 to 1885 where European powers negotiated the division of Africa among themselves.
Afrikaners
Descendants of Dutch settlers in South Africa, also known as Boers.
Boer Wars
Conflicts between the British Empire and the two Boer republics (Afrikaners) over land in South Africa from 1880 to 1881 and 1899 to 1902.
Abyssinia
The historical name for Ethiopia, a country in the Horn of Africa and was one of the only African countries unclaimed by Europeans.
Liberia
A country in West Africa founded by freed American slaves. Was one of the only African countries unclaimed by Europeans.
Ceylon
The former name of Sri Lanka, an island in South Asia. A corner or side of British territory over India.
Spheres of influence
Regions where a particular country has exclusive rights over trade and investment. Like European with China.
Taiping Rebellion
A massive civil war in China from 1850 to 1864 against the ruling Qing dynasty.
Boxer Rebellion
An anti-foreign, anti-colonial uprising in China from 1899 to 1901.
Indochina
A region in Southeast Asia that includes Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia that France controlled.
Siam
The former name of Thailand, a country in Southeast Asia that managed to escape European imperialism.
penal colony
A settlement used to exile prisoners and separate them from the general population. Located in Australis by Britain.
Monroe Doctrine
A U.S. policy opposing European colonialism in the Americas, established in 1823. That European nations should not intervene in the affairs of the countries in Western Hemisphere.
Manifest Destiny
The 19th-century doctrine that the expansion of the United States throughout the American continents and Pacific Ocean was both justified and inevitable.
Roosevelt Corollary
An addition to the Monroe Doctrine articulated by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1904, asserting U.S. intervention in Latin America.
Great Game
The political and diplomatic confrontation between the British Empire and the Russian Empire for supremacy in Central Asia.
Proclamation of 1763
An order issued by the British government prohibiting settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains and Mississippi River.
Indian Removal Act
A law passed in 1830 that authorized the forced removal of Native American tribes from their ancestral lands.
Túpac Amaru II
A leader of an indigenous uprising against Spanish rule in Peru in the late 18th century.
British Raj
The period of British rule over the Indian subcontinent from 1858 to 1947.
Pan-Africanism
A movement that seeks to unify African people and people of African descent worldwide. Shared identity and nationalism that Western-educated Africans had.
Guano
The accumulated excrement of seabirds, used as fertilizer.
Export economies
Economies that rely heavily on the export of goods and services.
Apartheid
A system of institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa from 1948 to the early 1990s.
Monocultures
The agricultural practice of growing a single crop over a wide area.
Economic imperialism
A form of imperialism where a country exerts control over another country's economy.
Culture System
A system of forced labor in the Dutch East Indies during the 19th century. Forced farmers to choose between growing cash crops for export or performing corvee labor.
Opium
A narcotic drug obtained from the opium poppy, historically significant in trade and colonialism.
"banana republics"
Politically unstable countries in Latin America that depend on the export of a limited-resource product.
Great Famine
A period of mass starvation in Ireland from 1845 to 1852 caused by potato blight.
Colonization Society
An organization that promoted the settlement of free African Americans in Africa. Japan should acquire an overseas empire and it aim was to export Japan's population and commercial goods.
Ethnic enclaves
Neighborhoods where people of similar ethnic backgrounds live together.
kangani system
A labor system used in British Burma where labor recruiters brought workers which was the whole family from India.
Chinese Exclusion Act
A U.S. federal law passed in 1882 that prohibited all Chinese laborers from immigrating to the United States.
Chinese Immigration Act
A law passed in Australia in 1855 that restricted Chinese immigration.