Honors Bio Final 2

Organization

have parts with a purpose

Response to Stimuli

respond to changes in their environment

Growth & Development

gain mass (growth) & change physically as they mature

Carbohydrates

store energy and provide structure to plants and animals

Lipids

store energy, act as hormones and make up plasma membranes

Nucleic Acids

store information

Ribosome

make proteins

Light Reaction

Transform light energy into chemical energy

Calvin Cycle

Transform energy from small, short term energy storage (ATP & NADPH) to large, long term storage (glucose and starch)

ATP and NADPH

move chemical energy from light reaction to Calvin Cycle

Water

donates e-’s to light reaction

H+

diffuse through ATP Synthase to power making of ATP

O2

waste product of water splitting

CO2

fixed to make glucose during the Calvin cycle

Cellular respiration inputs

Glucose and Oxygen

Cellular respiration outputs

Carbon Dioxide and Water

Photosynthesis inputs

Carbon Dioxide and Water

Photosynthesis outputs

Glucose and Oxygen

explain and recognize the ligand/receptor protein specificity

Each receptor protein can only be triggered by one specific ligand

Ligands

signal molecule that triggers response

Second Messengers

small molecules that pass the signal along through the transduction pathway

Receptor Proteins

protein that the ligand binds to, triggering transduction

Signal transduction

passing of a signal from reception to response

Multiple control points

the same ligand triggering different responses in different cells

Scaffolding proteins

one larger protein that is attached to many smaller relay proteins which increases the speed of the reaction

G1

Growth

S

Growth and DNA is replicated

G2

growth and preparation for cell division

Mitosis Purpose

make body cells that are genetically identical

Mitosis Resulting cells

all daughter cells have the same DNA - diploid (2 of every type of chromosome (In humans 46 chromosomes)

Meiosis Purpose

to make gametes which will be used in sexual reproduction, producing various offspring

Meiosis Resulting Cells

are all different, half half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell (humans 23), haploid

What are the three ways we talked about asexual reproduction occurring?

Mitosis, Budding, Root Sprouts

Somatic Cells

Male - 44 autosomes and XY

Female - 44 autosomes and XX

Gametes

Male - 22 autosomes and X or Y

Female - 22 autosomes and X

Codominance

Both alleles are fully expressed in the heterozygote

Incomplete Dominance

Neither allele is fully expressed in a heterozygote - they blend

Polygenic Inheritance

multiple genes control the same trait - human hair color, skin color, height

If recombination frequency is greater than 50%, what does that mean about the location of the genes?

They are on different chromosomes

If recombination frequency is less than 50%, what does that mean about the location of the genes?

They are on the same chromosome

What is the flow of information in gene expression?

DNA to mRNA to Amino Acids

Is DNA replication part of gene expression? When does it occur?

No, it happens during S phase of interphase

Missense

one nucleotide is replaced and a different amino acid is coded for

Silent

one nucleotide is replaced and the same amino acid is coded for

Nonsense

one nucleotide is replaced and a stop codon is coded for

Insertion

nucleotide is added to the sequence and all amino acids after the insertion point are changed

Deletion

a nucleotide is deleted from the sequence and all amino acids after the deletion point are changed

The evolutionary advantage of RNA splicing

a single mRNA can be spliced to form multiple mRNAs - form multiple different genes

Explain how gel electrophoresis works

Smaller pieces go further because they can move faster

Larger pieces do not move as far because they move slower

Adaptation

inherited characteristic of an organism that enhances their survival and reproduction in specific environments

Hardy Weinberg equilibrium

not evolving

Vestigial structures

remnants of features that served a function in the organism's ancestor

Homologous structures

structures that represent variations on a structural theme that was present in their common ancestor

Analogous structures

shared features not due to common ancestry

What two factors determine the location of biomes

Temperature & Precipitation

Population density

number of individuals in a given area or volume

Population dispersion

pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population

Commensalism

one individual and the other is not helped or harmed