Lecture 19.2

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23 Terms

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What chemical keeps lipids soluble during digestion?

Bile

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Lipoprotein

a protein contains a core is of neutral lipids including TAGS and cholesterol esters

  • surrounding the core is a layer of phospholipids in which varying proportion of proteins and cholesterol are embedded

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Lipids in diet are transported by

chylomicrons (digestion)

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Fatty acids from storage in adipose tissue are transported by

serum albumin (mobilization)

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TAGs synthesized in the liver are transported by

VLDLs (synthesis)

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LDL

transport of endogenous lipids (cholesterol) to tissues (receptor mediated)

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HDL

transport of lipids and cholesterol from cells in the vasculature to liver

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VLDLs and LDL are

atherogenic ( beginning of atherosclerosis)

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HDL

anti-atherogenic (good cholesterol)

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Acetyl CoA can be converted to

  • fatty acids

  • amino acids

  • ketone bodies

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TAG storage is regulated by

Insulin and Glucagon

  • high levels of insulin stimulate TAG synthesis

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Storage (synthesis) of TAGS

Step 1: glycolysis produces DHAP then Glycerol-3-Phosphate

Step 2: Transfer FA from CoA to G-3-P (occurs in adipocytes)

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DHAP

one point where lipid metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism are linked

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<p>Mobilization (hydrolysis) of TAGs</p>

Mobilization (hydrolysis) of TAGs

  • low insulin levels and high glucagon levels stimulate triacylglycerol lipase in adipocytes.

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Fates of Fatty Acids in the Cell

  1. Activation of FA by the addition of CoA: Energy cost = 2ATPs

  2. Binds to carnitine for transport5 into mitochondria matrix via a pore formed by large enzyme complex.

  3. Oxidation of FA with even number of carbons to acetyl (beta-oxidation of Fatty Acids)

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Fatty Acid Spiral

  1. Introduction of a double bond

  2. H20 is added to the double bond producing an alcohol

  3. The alcohol is oxidized to a ketone

  4. A c-c bond is broken

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Beta-oxidation of fatty acids is a _____ pathway

spiral

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<p>Energy from Fatty from Fatty Acid Oxidation</p>

Energy from Fatty from Fatty Acid Oxidation

Step 1: activate the FA and trap it in the cell by adding CoA - 2ATP

Step 2: the activated FA will go through FA spiral

Step 3: acetyl CoAs enter the TCA cycle

Step 4: reduced coenzymes enter the ETC

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Fatty Acid Oxidation

  • occurs in the mitochondria

  • enzymes different from synthesis

  • intermediates carried by coenzyme A

  • coenzymes FAD, NAD+

  • carbon atoms removed two at a time

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Fatty Acid Synthesis

  • occurs in cytosol

  • enzymes different from oxidation

  • intermediates carried by acyl carrier protein

  • coenzyme": NADPH

  • carbon atoms added two at a time

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Ketone bodies

compounds produced in the liver that can be used as fuel in muscle and brain tissue (3-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, acetone)

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Ketogenesis

the synthesis of ketone bodied from acetyl-SCoA

  • 3 ketones produced

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Ketoacidosis

results from increased concentration of ketone bodies i the blood

  • blood pH drops

  • labored breathing

  • increased urination

  • dehydration

  • depression

  • coma death