ICS UNIT 2

The Hexose Monophosphate (HMP) shunt—also known as the pentose phosphate pathway—is an alternative metabolic pathway to glycolysis.

-location: cytosol

HMP: oxidizes glucose to generate NADPH (for anabolic reactions and antioxidant) and ribose-5-phosphate “pentose phosphate pathway” (for nucleotide synthesis).

called pentose phosphate pathway it makes ribose-5-phosphate.

HMP does not oxidize glucose for ATP.

The Hexose Monophosphate (HMP) shunt—also known as the pentose phosphate pathway—is an alternative metabolic pathway to glycolysis.

-location: cytosol

HMP: oxidizes glucose to generate NADPH (for anabolic reactions and antioxidant) and ribose-5-phosphate “pentose phosphate pathway” (for nucleotide synthesis).

called pentose phosphate pathway it makes ribose-5-phosphate.

HMP does not oxidize glucose for ATP.

The rate-limiting enzyme for the HMP (Hexose Monophosphate) shunt—also known as the Pentose Phosphate Pathway—is Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD).

The H is taken from glucose and put to NAD+, making NADH.

This enzyme catalyzes the first and irreversible step of the oxidative phase, converting glucose-6-phosphate to 6-phosphogluconolactone while generating NADPH.

Regulation of G6PD

• stimulated by high cellular levels of NADP⁺, signaling a high demand for NADPH.

• Allosteric Inhibition: G6PD is strongly inhibited by NADPH

• Hormonal Control: Insulin induces the synthesis of G6PD, increasing the pathway's activity during the fed state

This is the lactone that forms on glucose after the dehydrogenation.

provides a SHUNT

Glut

A.

A)

test question

it happens in the red blood cell in the cytosol.

C)

A)

C)

NADPH is the reductive agent

NADH is the electron donor

B)

you missed this question, submit this.

E)

C)

the answer is in the pathway.

E)

A)

E)

B)

B)

E)

D)

B)

A)

E)

B is NOT correct.

1. sucrose becomes either fructose or glucose

know these three enzymes

people have elevate glucose in the blood, diabetes, often have eye problems, because there is glucose in their eye.

B)

we don’t want that, so we combine it to be more efficient/

B)

A)

in the muskoloskeletal system, it’s true

in the liver, this is false.

B)

A)

A)

D)

D)

1 glucose → 2 pyruvates & 2 NADH.

each pyruvate has 3 carbons

this is important to keep track of so in the end we can calculate how many ATPs we could generate.

vitamin B1 is deficient in alcoholics.

regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.

krebs cycle: acetyl-CoA → 2NADH, 2 CO2, 1 GTP, FADH2, NADH

you cannot have over 1000ATP, once ATP count gets over 1000, you start to store it as something different (fat, etc).

A)

we don’t form acetyl-CoA, we break it down.

A)

B)

C is not the right one here (you did not get this far to explain it).

C)

isocitrate may be added or removed.

B)

A)

you chose C)

A)

A)

B)

both A and D

B)

A)

A)

C)

we cannot live without oxygen for even a few minutes, because oxygen accepts the electron.

the video goes over this.

how many ATPs can you make from a glucose molecule?

1 glucose → 36-38 ATP.

D)

A)

C)

C)

A)

C)